A&P Chem lecture 2 Flashcards
organic compound
usually covalent bonds, Has Hydrocarbons
inorganic bond
no hydrocarbons, usually ionic bonds
hydrocarbons
compounds with carbons and hydrogens
saturated
only single bonds between carbons and 4 molecules
unsaturated
has double and triple bonds
functional group
collection of atoms that attach to the Carbon backbone of a hydrocarbon (R). changes the function of the hydrdocarbon
Ionic bonds
when atoms gain or lose an electron to complete outer shell, they become ionized (charged) and are then attracted to each other forming a bond.
cation
positively charged ion (lost an electron)
anion
negatively charged (gains an electron)
covalent bond
MOST COMMON BOND IN LIVING ORGANISM
Sharing of electrons resulting in bonds
polar covalent bond
when electrons spend time near one molecule of a bond creating slight charges (+/-) on that compound
non-polar bond
equal sharing of an electron between the molecules
hydrogen bonds
when a polar covalent bond occurs, the slightly positive charge of the Hydrogen molecule is attracted to other slightly negatively charged Oxygen atoms creating a bond.
Weakest of the bonds
can be strong in large quanities
solute
substance that is dissolved in another substance
solvent
substance that does the dissolving
solution
when a solute is dissolved evenly in a solvent (cool-aid) evenly
suspension
uneven dissolving of a solute in a solvent (muddy water)
water
universal solvent
- lubricates
- good transport median
- high heat capacity
- less dense when frozen
salt
ionic bond that when placed in water will break down to ionic forms of Na+ and Cl- and are now electrolytes
acids
proton donor (H+)
bases
proton acceptor (H+)
Carbohydrates
most commonly a sugar
backbone of organic compounds
glycoprotein
carbohydrate and a protein
anabolism
building tissue
catabolism
breaking down body tissues
lipids
- use in energy
- 3x as much energy stored in lipids than carbohydrates
- can be stored
Neutral fats
lipid-
triglycerides
- core is the glycerol molecule
can be saturated or unsaturated
phospholipids
lipid-
diglyceride
- 2 fatty acid chains and 3rd spot is a phosphate group
fatty acids
hydrophobic, tail of bi-lipid membrane
Non-polar
phosphate group
hydrophilic, head of bi-lipid membrane
Polar
steroids
lipid - ring shaped,
cholesterrol molecule is part of the main structure
ALL hydrophobic
hormones
type of steroid, most common steroid
TEST Question
eicosanoids
lipid - that mediates body process
protein
most abundant molecule in the body
- mediates chem. reactions
- structural purpose
- part of defense mech.
amino acids
string together to make proteins (At least 100)
20 different type
Order determines function
peptide bond
amino acid linked together
- 10 or more = polypeptide
- 100 or more = protein
how to get order of amino acid
organism’s DNA determines order of aminos and the shape of the protein (amino train)
Primary Structure
Protein order of amino acids
Secondary Structure
Protein’s twists and folds
Tertiary Structure
Protein’s overall shape
Enzymes
can act as catalysts or proteins that can accelerate chemical reaction
What affects enzymes work eithic?
Temp. and pH
Nucleic Acids
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Adenine, thymine or Uracil, guanine, cytosine
what determines the type of protein to be made?
sequence of nucleotides
DNA
Blueprint for building proteins
- double helix
- adenine & thymine
- cytosine & guanine
genes
sequence of nucleotides that carry the code for 1 peptide chain
RNA
1 string of nucleotides
transfers DNA’s instruction from nucleus to cell cytoplasm (outside the nucleus)
transfer RNA
copies info in DNA molecule
From shelf to cart in a specific ord
Messenger RNA
Carries info out of nucleus to the ribosome
Movies the shopping cart
Ribosomal RNA
Acts as the template to help create protein
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
primary source of energy of cell
Mitochondria
TEST
Power plant for the cell, makes the ATP through cellular respiration
Cristae
the tendrils inside the Mitochondria
