A&P Cells lecture 3 Flashcards
cell membrane
- “Plasma Membrane”
- “Plasmalemma”
Holds cell together and regulates what comes in and out
Phospholipid bilayer
hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads (phosphate)
- fluid moving structure
- Proteins embedded in structure and act as gateways or binding sites
Cytoplasm
- jelly-like inside
- contains: proteins, electrolytes, metabolites, cytoskeleton, organelles
cytosol
fluid portion of cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
structural support
- it gives shape/support to cell
- allows to move and it anchors orgenelles.
Flagella
single hairs that or motile
cilia
smaller and much larger in quantity.
- oviduct and respiratory organs
organelles
membrane-bound structures in cytoplasm
- allow for creation of specialized environments
mitochondria
Power Plant of the cell
95% of the energy produced
Active Cells have far more mitochondria
Cristae
the folds in the mitochondria that allow for more surface area
Ribosomes
Most common organelle
site of protein synthesis
very mobile organelle
either attaches to ER (Rough) or moves to cytoplasm
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
where the ribosomes are attached to causing it to be studded or rough
attached the membrane of nucleus
modifies the protein in preparation for packaging when it sends it to the Golgi Apparatus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
important in synthesis and storage of lipids such as phospholipids and steroids
Lg. quantity found in liver and glandular tissue
Golgi Apparatus
receives the newly processed proteins from rough ER and preps for packaging and then packages them
packages them by wrapping in vesicles and sending them out
Lysosome
specialized package (Vesicle) formed by Golgi Apparatus that contains strong enzymes to digest target.
Vesicles fuse with the target and release the enzymes to destroy it
autolysis
digestion of dead cells by release of the cells’ lysosomes
peroxisomes
small sacs which contain oxygen-dependent enzymes that detoxify compounds
“Janitor” of the cell
Centrioles
help organize the cell during cell division
- made of cylinders of microtubules
- serve as anchor point for flagella
Nucleus
“Command Center” of a cell
controls cell’s activities via protein synthesis
holds genetic make of the organism
some cell types have more than one nucleus or none at all
Nuclear pores
where the nuclear envelopes fuse and create a channel
Nuclear envelope
made up of 2 lipid bilayers
Nucleolus
structure within the nucleus where ribosome components are made
Its a factory that makes factories
DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- double helix with 4 bases that bond in pairs
- stored as chromatin in nucleus
- DNA is wound around Histones to stay tidy
Histones
provides structural support for DNA
they change shape to expose parts of the DNA for transcription
Intracellular fluid
fluid within the cell
extracellular fluid
fluid outside the cell
Interstitial Fluid
Fluid between the cells
Membrane process
regulation what comes into and out of the cell through passive or active transports
Passive transports
when solutes and molecules enter and exit the cell vie channels following down a concentration gradient
Goal is to reach equilibrium
Requires no energy
Diffusion
Solutes following down a concentration gradient
Moves through generic and selective pores
Facilitated diffusion
still down a concentration gradient but the molecule uses a carrier molecule
It can only move at the speed of the available carrier molecule
Osmosis
mov’t of water from an area of low concentration of solutes to an area of high concentration of solutes.
Osmotic pressure
pressure placed on the wall of the membrane when the water as passing through to get to an area of a higher concentration of solutes
- greater the difference in concentration of solutes the great the osmotic pressure will be
oncotic pressure
a special case of osmotic pressure between 2 specific places in the body (blood and Lymph)
- tends to pull fluid into the circulatory system
Filtration
requires pressure gradient to move stuff so an outside source creates hydrostatic pressure to move the fluid from an area of high pressure to low pressure.
This moves the fluid through the membrane and is filtered. The filtering REQUIRES NO energy making this passive
Hydrostatic pressure
pushing water and small molecules through a membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
tonicity
related to concentration of solutes OUTSIDE the cell
Isotonic
some concentration of solutes outside the cell as inside the cell
Hypotonic
lower concentration of solutes outside the cell as inside the cell
Hypertonic
higher concentration of solutes outside the cell as inside the cell
active process
requires energy to move a molecule through the membrane against the concentration gradient
USES ATP
Endocytosis
process of bringing something into the cell
phagocytosis
swallowing solids to bring into the cell
pinocytosis
swallowing a liquid to bring into the cell
exocytosis
- taking out of cell
- removes waste or manufactured items (Hormones and Proteins)
- opposite of Endo-
Na+/K+ pump
a protein pump that utilizes ATP to move 2 NA+ out and the one K+ to come in. This causes change in membrane potential outside the cell compared to the inside.
Membrane Potential
- many cells have a baseline charge (voltage)
- created by differing concentrations of ions across membrane
- passive transport cause natural difference
- active amplifies the membrane potential
*Important in cells that contract or respond to stimuli by signaling (i.e. Nerves and muscles)
