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A&P Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are covering & lining membranes made of?

What are the 3 types of covering and lining membranes?

A

Composed of epithelium bound to underlying connective tissue proper layer.

3 types
Cutaneous
Mucous
Serous

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2
Q

Cutaneous Membranes

A

AKA skin
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)
Skin is a dry membrane

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3
Q

Mucous Membranes: What do they line? Are they moist or dry? What does the epithelial sheet lie over?

A

Line body cavities that are open to exterior (digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts)
Moist membranes bathed in secretions.
Epithelial sheet lies over lamina propria (loose connective tissue).

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4
Q

Serous membranes

A

Located in ventral body cavities.
Simple squamous epithelium resting on thin layer of areolar connective tissue.
Cavity between layers is filled with slippery serous fluid (moist membranes)

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5
Q

Pleurae

A

serous membrane of lungs

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6
Q

pericardium

A

serous membrane of heart

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7
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane of the abdomen

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8
Q

Parietal serosae

A

Line the internal body cavity walls.

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9
Q

Visceral serosae

A

Cover internal organs.

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10
Q

What responses activate during tissue repair?

A

Inflammatory and immune responses are activated and repair starts quickly. Repair is the function of the inflammatory process.

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11
Q

Define tissue regeneration

A

The same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue (original function is restored).

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12
Q

Fibrosis

A

Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue and original function is lost.

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13
Q

Tissue repair step 1

A

Release of inflammatory chemicals which causes dilation of blood vessels and increase in blood vessel permeability. WBCs migrate to the injury. Blood clotting occurs.

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14
Q

Tissue repair step 2

A

Blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue. Epithelium begins to regenerate. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap until regeneration is complete. Any debris is phagocytized.

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15
Q

Tissue repair step 3

A

Scab detaches, fibrous tissue matures, epithelium thickens and resembles adjacent tissue = fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue.

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16
Q

Tissues that regenerate very well:

A

epithelial, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, blood-forming tissue

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17
Q

Tissues with moderate regenerating capacity:

A

smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue

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18
Q

Tissues with virtually no functional regenerative capacity:

A

cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue

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20
Q

2 main forms of epithelial tissue:

A

Covering and lining epithelia
Glandular epithelia

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21
Q

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

A

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

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22
Q

5 distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissues:

A

Polarity
Specialized contacts
Support by connective tissues
Avascular but innervated
Regeneration

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23
Q

Epithelial polarity

A

Apical surface (microvilli)
Basal surface (attaches to basal lamina)

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24
Q

Specialized contacts of epithelial tissues

A

Most all epithelial tissues connected into sheets via tight junctions and desmosomes.

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25
Q

What is the basement membrane and what does it do? What are the 2 layers that it consists of.

A

Basement membrane is in between epithelial and connective tissues. This membrane protects the epithelial sheet and defines the epithelial boundary. Consists of 2 layers: basal lamina and reticular lamina.

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26
Q

Avascular but innervated epithelia tissues

A

These tissues have no blood vessels but do have nerve fibers. Blood vessels in underlying tissues provides nourishment for the epithelial tissues.

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27
Q

Epithelial tissue regeneration

A

As long as epithelial cells receive adequate nourishment, they can divide to replace lost cells.

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28
Q

Epithelia tissues’ 2 names

A

Simple epithelia, Stratified epithelia

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29
Q

Epithelia’s second name (indicates shape)

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

*in stratified epithelia, shape can vary so it is defined according to the shape in the apical layer.

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30
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location and function.

A

Function: Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration sites; secretes lubricating substances in serosae
Locations: air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, etc.

31
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface.

32
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes; some propel mucus by ciliary action.

Location: nonciliated types: digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts of some glands;
ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, some regions of uterus.

33
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Layer of cells of differing heights.

Function: secretes substances, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.

Location: male’s sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; trachea, most of upper respiratory tract.

34
Q

Stratified squamous epithelial tissues

A

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.

Location: moist lining of esophagus, mouth and vagina; epidermis of skin (keratinized dry membrane)

35
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal.

Function: Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ.

Location: Lines uterers, bladder and part of urethra.

36
Q

Gland

A

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid (a secretion).

Classified by site of product release: Endocrine / Exocrine

unicellular example: goblet cells
multicellular: salivary glands

37
Q

Endocrine glands

A

these are ductless glands

38
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Have ducts and secrete their product onto a surface or into body cavities.

39
Q

Modes of secretion in human exocrine glands

A
  1. Merocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis.
  2. Holocrine glands: the entire secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments
40
Q

Connective tissue function

A

Binding and support, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances (blood)

41
Q

4 main classes of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
Blood
Bone
Cartilage

42
Q

Connective tissue proper subclass

A

Loose connective tissue (Areolar, Adipose, Reticular)
Dense connective tissue (Regular, Irregular, Elastic)

43
Q

Connective tissue proper general functions.

A

Functions as a binding tissue.
Resists mechanical stress/tension.
Provides reservoir for water and salts.
Nutrient (fat) storage

44
Q

3 characteristics of connective tissues

A
  • All have common embryonic origin
  • Have varying degrees of vascularity
  • Cells are suspended/embedded in ECM (this matrix supports cells so they can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse)
45
Q

All connective tissues have 3 main elements:

A

Ground substance
Fibers
Cells
(first 2 make up the ECM)

46
Q

Ground substance

A

Unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells.

Composed of: interstitial fluids, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans (sugar proteins), water.

47
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers

A

3 types:
Collagen (strongest and most abundant; tough)
Elastic fibers (elastin fiber networks allow for stretch and recoil)
Reticular (short, fine, branched fibers; branching networks offer more “give”

48
Q

Connective tissue cell categories

A

“Blast” cells are immature cells; they actively secrete ground substances and ECM fibers
Types: Fibroblasts, Chondroblasts, Osteoblasts

“Cyte” cells: mature less active than blasts; help maintain health of matrix.

49
Q

Connective tissue cell types

A

Fat cells (store nutrients/insulate)
WBCs (tissue response to injury)
Mast cells (initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms
Macrophages (phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms; part of immune system.

50
Q

Types of connective tissues

A

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

51
Q

2 subclasses of connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissues
Dense connective tissues

52
Q

Loose connective tissue types

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

53
Q

Dense connective tissue types

A

Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic

54
Q

Areolar connective tissue (loose connective tissue) function & location.

A

Functions: Wraps and cushions organs. Supports and binds tissues.
Fibroblasts secrete loose arrangement of collagen fibers
Loose fibers = increased ground substance which acts as a water reservoir (holds interstitial fluid)
Location: under epithelia (lamina propria)

55
Q

Adipose loose connective tissue

A

White fat: more nutrient storage; cells are called adipocytes; scanty matrix; richly vascularized; functions: shock absorption, insulation, energy storage
Brown fat: used for lipid fuels to heat bloodstream rather than produce ATP

56
Q

Reticular loose connective tissue

A

Reticular fibers form mesh-like stroma that act as a support for blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen & bone marrow.

57
Q

Reticular loose connective tissue image

A

…

58
Q

Dense connective tissue:: dense regular

A

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress
Location: tendons, most ligaments
(Parallel collagen fibers; few elastic fibers)

59
Q

Dense irregular (dense connective tissue)

A

Irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers
Cell type: Fibroblast
Function: Withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of skin

60
Q

Elastic (dense connective tissue)

A

Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers.
Function: allows tissue to recoil after stretching
Location: Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with vertebral column; within walls of bronchial tubes.

61
Q

Cartilage connective tissue

A

Chondroblasts secrete its matrix (chondrocytes are adults)
Lacunae - cavities containing chondrocytes
Cartilage is tough yet flexible material that lacks nerve fibers.
Avascular: receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it (periochondrium - gives rise to chondroblasts/cytes)
Cartilage is up to 80% water.

62
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

63
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Amorphous but firm matrix
Function: Supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress.
Location: Forms most of embryonic skeleton; ends of long bones or joint cavities; costal cartilages of ribs, nose, trachea and larynx cartilages.

64
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline but more elastic fibers in matrix.
Function: maintains the shape of structure while allowing great flexibility
Locations: external ear, epiglottis

65
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Matrix similar but less firm to that in hyaline; thick collagen fibers predominate.
Function: tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock.
Location: intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint.

66
Q

Bone connective tissue

A

Also called osseous tissue.
Supports and protects body structures.
Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities.
Osteoblasts/cytes produce/maintain matrix.
Osteocytes reside in lacunae cavities in matrix.
Richly vascularized.

67
Q

Blood connective tissue make up and function.

A

Fluid connective tissue.
Consists of cells surrounded by plasma matrix.
Functions: transport, carrying nutrients, wastes, gases, etc.

68
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Highly vascularized
Responsible for most types of movement.
Myofilaments (muscle cells) are made up of actin and myosin proteins that bring about contraction.

69
Q

3 types of muscle tissue:

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

70
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Attached to and causes bone movement.
AKA voluntary muscle
Cells of skeletal muscles are called muscle fibers.
These cells contain multiple nuceli and appear striated or banded.

71
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Involuntary muscle. Contains branching striations, uninucleate.

72
Q

Smooth muscle tissue location and function.

A

Located in walls of hollow organs. Function: propels substances along internal passageways Spindle shaped (elongated) cells.

73
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Cells: Neurons conduct nerve impulses. Non-excitable supporting cells insulate and protect neurons.

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