A&P Autonomic Review and Chapter 16 Flashcards
Pairs of Cranial Nerves
12
Pairs of Parasympathetic nerves
4,
Occlumotor (CN III), Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Vegas (X)
Afferent - to CNS
“Special senses”, “somatic receptors” and “visceral receptors
Efferent - from CNS
Motor out to the Somatic, Sympthetic, Parasympthetic
Autonomic Nervous System - visceral motor system
motor commands which regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Sympathetic division – increases metabolic rate; fight or flight.
- Parasympathetic division – decreases metabolic rate; slows body down; called the rest and relaxation
4 Lobes:
-Frontal Lobe – primary motor cortex; voluntary control of skeletal muscles.
-Parietal Lobe – primary sensory cortex; perceives touch pressure, pain, taste, and temperature.
-Temporal Lobe – auditory and olfactory cortex; perceives hearing and smell.
-Occipital Lobe – visual cortex; perceives visual stimuli
Sections of the Brain
-Cerebrum
-Cerebellum - Concious Motor, Thought
-Diencephalon - Sensory, Thalamus and HypoThalamus
-Mesencephalon - Vision, Auditory
-Pons - Relays Sensory & Thalamus, Subconcoious To Cerebellum
-Medulla Oblongata - relays to Thalamus, brain, controls Resp, heart, body temp
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves
Nerve Primary Function
1) Olfactory Smell
2) Optic Vision
3) Oculomotor Eye movements
4) Trochlear Eye movement
5) Trigeminal Mixed sensory and motor to face
6) Abducens Eye movement
7) Facial Mixed sensory and motor to face
8) Vestibulocochlear Hearing and balance
9) Glossopharyngeal Mixed to head and neck
10) Vagus Mixed to thorax and abdomen
11) Accessory Motor to neck and upper back
12) Hypoglossal Motor tongue movements
Ascending tracts – carry sensory information from sensory receptors toward the CNS
Descending tracts – convey motor commands from CNS to effectors (nerves in PNS, muscles, glands)
Posterior Gray Horn – contains:
Somatic sensory- Stimuli comes in dorsal root to these areas.
Visceral sensory- Stimuli comes in dorsal root to these areas.
Parts of Neuron
1) Soma-Cell body of neuron which contains the nucleus.
2) Dendrites – receive stimuli, send to “cell body”.
3) Axon – stimuli goes from “cell body”to axon to telodendria.
4) Telodendria – ends of axons that have synaptic bulbs/terminals.
5) Motor End Plate – section of muscle or gland that contains the receptors.
6) NMJ, NGJ – “Neuro-muscular Junction” or “neuro-glandular Junction”
location where the nerve and muscle/gland synapse (connect)
Sensory is unipolar
motor is multipolar
Spinal Nerves - “preganglionic neurons”
T-1 through L-2
Lateral Gray Horn
Motor signals
3 Nerve Pathways
primary, secondary, and tertiary
Three types of “sympathetic ganglia”. 3 unpaired
A). “Sympathetic chain ganglia” - Paired
B). “Collateral ganglia” - Unpaired C). “Adrenal medullae - Paired
Parasympathetic
CN III - Ocular
CN VII - Lacrimal, Salivary
CN IX Glossopharyngeal, mixed
CN X - heart, liver, digestive, (Autonomic)
S1, S2, S3 (Sacral nerves) - Kidneys, reproductive
Sympathetic Responses: (fight or flight)
-Increases mental alertness.
-Increases metabolic activity.
-Decreases digestive and urinary functions.
-Activates/uses energy reserves.
-Increases respiration.
-Increases heart rate and blood pressure.
-Increases sweat gland activity.
75% of all parasympathetic outflow .
travels along the vegas (X) nerve
“sacral segments” their nuclei lie
in the “lateral horns” of S2 – S4
“preganglionic fibers” are long because they synapse with ganglia
-“postganglionic fibers” are short (if they exist) because they synapse with ganglia which are close/within target organ
-Preganglionic neurons – originate from “lateral gray horn” of “spinal cord”.
“preganglionic neurons” originate in brain stem and sacral segments
Parasympathetic Responses: (rest and relaxation)
-Decreases metabolic rate.
-Decreases heart rate and blood pressure.
-Increases secretion by salivary and digestive glands.
-Increases blood flow of digestive tract.
-Increases urination and defacation.
-Constricts respiratory passageway.
-Causes sexual arousal in both genders.
-Secretes hormones responsible for absorption of nutrients
Parasympathetic system returns
to homeostasis
Second-order (Postganglionic) neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in
autonomic ganglia
Postganglionic axons of autonomic neurons are usually
unmyelinated
The division of the autonomic nervous system that maintains homeostasis during resting conditions is the _____ division.
parasympathetic
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the
lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
Groups of second-order sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called _____ ganglia.
chain
Groups of second-order neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called _____ ganglia
collateral
Specialized second-order neurons of the sympathetic nervous system that release neurotransmitters into the bloodstream are located in the
adrenal glands
Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system that carry motor impulses to targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity synapse in a(n)
chain ganglion
Nerves that innervate organs in the ventral body cavities are the _____ nerves
autonomic
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except
decreased heart rate
The celiac ganglion innervates the
A) stomach.
B) liver.
C) pancreas.
Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder and sex organs is by way of the
inferior mesenteric ganglion
There are _____ sympathetic collateral ganglia located in the abdominal cavity
3
Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons can be found in all of the following cranial nerves
A) III.
B) VII.
C) IX.
D) X.
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the
vagus nerve
Postganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland
release epinephrine into blood capillaries
Neurons of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system release the neurotransmitter _____ at their effectors.
norepinephrine
Increased parasympathetic stimulation
increases gastric motility
Normal control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon
both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation
A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in blood vessels would result in
an increase in vessel diameter
The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are _____ waves
alpha
The brain waves that are characteristic of children and frustrated adults are _____ waves
theta
The brain waves that are characteristic of newborn infants are _____ waves
delta
Stimulation of the beta receptors on the heart muscle would result in __________.
cAMP Formation
the effects of norepinephrine (NE) on the postsynaptic membranes?
They last longer than the effects of acetylcholine, and they last until NE is reabsorbed by the telodendria.
In the somatic nervous system, __________.
a single lower motor neuron directly controls the activity of a muscle
In the autonomic nervous system, __________.
two or more neurons control the activity of an effector, and a second visceral neuron is between the central nervous system and the effector
autonomic nervous system __________.
regulates “automatic” activities and is influenced by the hypothalamus
Ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division can be located in the __________.
adrenal medulla, collateral ganglia, and sympathetic chain ganglia
The prevertebral (collateral) ganglia of the ANS include the __________.
celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric
The sympathetic division does NOT include
intramural ganglia
The telodendria of sympathetic postganglionic neurons release neurotransmitters through __________.
varicosities
the effects of norepinephrine (NE) on the postsynaptic membranes
last longer than the effects of acetylcholine, and they last until NE is reabsorbed by the telodendria.
Stimulation of what type of membrane receptor by norepinephrine would activate enzymes that break down glycogen in skeletal muscles?
beta-1
Stimulation of the beta receptors on the heart muscle would result in __________.
the formation of cAMP
Binding to which of the following receptors of the ANS causes a DECREASE in cAMP levels?
alpha-2
following statement about neurotransmitters and receptors is INCORRECT
Secretory output from the adrenal medullae is about 90–95 percent epinephrine
sympathetic receptor that causes inhibition and a relaxation of smooth muscles along the respiratory tract?
beta-2
the following is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic division
parasympathetic division includes the splanchnic nerves.
the statement about the parasympathetic division is INCORRECT
Ganglia are located relatively close to the central nervous system.
4
Question 24:Nicotinic receptors __________.
open sodium channels when stimulated
FALSE statements about autonomic neurotransmitters and receptor
Stimulation of muscarinic receptors always excites the postsynaptic cell.
The heart, lungs, and digestive organs are innervated by __________.
both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
the following organs does NOT receive dual innervation?
lacrimal gland
In the absence of stimuli, autonomic motor neurons __________.
show a background level of activity
Autonomic tone allows autonomic neurons to __________.
both increase and decrease their activity
In the lungs, autonomic tone allows for __________.
finely controlled dilation and constriction of the airways
Autonomic fibers entering the thoracic cavity intersect at which of the following plexuses?
cardiac plexus
Which plexus innervates the stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver?
celiac plexus
Visceral reflexes are __________.
polysynaptic and involuntary
The higher centers of the CNS __________.
influence the effects of autonomic reflexes
the following visceral reflexes is controlled by the sympathetic division
pupillary reflex
the following is NOT a feature of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
inhibition of somatic sensory neurons
memory allows you to remember the shape and features of your own face throughout your lifetime
tertiary memory
When studying in lab, Anne repeats, over and over, the names of the structures she is studying. What is Anne trying to accomplish?
creation of fact memories
memory consolidation
conversion from primary memories to secondary memories
the following is NOT an effect of aging on the nervous system
an increase in the number of neurons used for dual innervation
