A&P Flashcards
broca’s area
gives ability to speak
wernicke’s area
gives ability to understand speech
expressive aphasia
damaged broca’s area
receptive aphasia
damaged wernicke’s area
function of oculomotor (CN3)
eye muscle movements except what CN 4 and 6 do
opens eyelids
convergence and accommodation
pupillary control
function of trochlear (CN4)
eye muscle movements via superior oblique (turns eye down and out)
function of trigeminal (CN5)
sensory innervation of the three sections of the face (opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular)
motor fibers of mastication
function of abducens (CN6)
motor fibers of lateral rectus nerve to move the eye laterally
function of facial (CN7)
facial expressions
anterior 2/3 taste
facial secretions (tears, saliva, rhinorrhea)
function of vestibulochochlear (CN 8)
sense of hearing and sense of equilibrium
function of glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
posterior 1/3 taste and sensation
swallowing via innervation of the sylopharyngeus (elevates the pharynx during swallowing)
chemoreceptors in carotid body (regulates RR and depth by checking O2 and CO2 levels)
baroreceptors in carotid sinus (regulate BP)
function of vagus (CN 10)
parasumpathetic innervation of heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen, liver, colon, stomach, s. intestines
function of accessory (CN 11)
motor function of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
function of hypoglossal (CN 12)
motor function of tongue
epidural bleeds occur where in the meninges
superior/superficial to the dura mater
subdural bleeds occur where in the meniges
deep to the dura mater
how do nasal infections cause neurological problems
nose drains into the cavernous sinus of the posterior area of the nasal sinuses and into the brain –> makes infections of brain easy
how many cervical nerves
8 (7 cervical vertebrae)
how many thoracic nerves
12
how many lumbar nerves
5 (LP is between 3 &4)
how many sacral nerves
5
what’s the conus medullaris and where is it
end of the spinal cord at L1 (L2 if a child)
what is cauda equina
spine nerves and roots from the conus medullaris
afferent neurons are…
the neurons of the afferent division of the PNS
responsible for body’s perception of senses of outside world feeding into the brain
Afferent neurons run on the ____ and are responsible for detection of ____. These neurons decussate at ___.
anterolateral tract
detect pain/temp
decussate at spinal cord level at corresponding nerve root for the stimulus
Afferent neurons can also run on a second tract called the ___. This tract is responsible for ____. These neurons decussate at ___.
Dorsal column tract
resonsible for 2-point discrimination, pressure, vibration, joint position sense (proprioception of the body)
decussate at medulla
synapse order for the dorsal column system
reception of stimulus travels to spinal cord
enters medulla oblongata and synapses
post-synaptic neuron decussates at medulla oblongata and travels to thalamus
that neuron (third) synapses in thalmus and then travels to the postcentral gyrus for cognitive recognition
synapse order for the anterolateral system
reception of stimulus travels to spinal cord
synapses in at that nerve root and decussates
this second order neuron travels to medulla oblongata to the thalamus
synapses in thalamus and sends the third order neuron to the post central gyrus
What sensations decussate at the spinal cord level (anterolateral tract)?
pain
temp
coarse touch
What sensations decussate at the medulla oblongata level (dorsal column tract)?
fine touch
vibration
proprioception
injury to the right side that causes neurological damage will result in ____ on the right side (ipslateral) and ____ on the left side (contralateral).
Loss of function on the right side. Loss of proprioception and vibration on the right side.
Loss of pain and temperature sensations on the left side.
Problems with upper motor neurons (of primary motor cortex) result in ____.
hyperreflexia
Problems with lower motor neurons (of peripheral) result in ____.
areflexia
What causes neurotransmitters to be released?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Potassium
c. Norepinephrine
d. Sodium
e. Calcium
e. Calcium
During an action potential, what causes the cell surface to become more positive?
a. Potassium entering the cell
b. Sodium entering the cell
c. Na/K pump
d. Potassium leaving the cell
e. Sodium leaving the cell
b. Sodium entering the cell
What cranial nerve allows the eye to look toward the ipsilateral ear?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
e. 7
d. 6
A 77 year old patient being treated for Afib with Coumadin sustains a falls. Her initial evaluation after the fall is normal but 48 hours later she is confused and ataxic. What’s the most likely Dx?
a. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
b. Subdural hemorrage
c. Ischemic Stroke
d. Epidural hemorrhage
e. TIA
b. Subdural hemorrage
A DOC offender is shanked in the back. The knife cuts the right side of the spinal cord leaving the left side intact. Given this scenario which of the following are true?
a. Loss of movement (paralysis) on the left
b. Loss of two point discrimination on the left
c. Loss of pain sensation of the left
d. Loss of proprioception of the left
e. Loss of fine movement of the left
c. Loss of pain sensation of the left
What receptor is on the postsynaptic neuron?
a. N-receptor
b. M2-receptor
c. β2-receptor
d. α1-receptor
e. α2-receptor
a. N-receptor
A man sustains a complete spinal cord injury at L5. Given your vast knowledge of A&P, which of the following would you expect to find to be true?
a. He cannot obtain an erections
b. He has lost his ability to ejaculate
c. Loss of temperature sensation only on the right
d. Loss of pain sensation only on the left
e. Loss of pain sensation only on the right
a. He cannot obtain an erections
