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HESI Exam > A & P > Flashcards

A & P Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomic Position

A

Body is erect, feet are slightly apart, head is held high, and palms of hands are facing forward.

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2
Q

Superior

A

Above

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3
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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4
Q

Anterior

A

Facing forward

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5
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back

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6
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline

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7
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline or toward the sides

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8
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachment (limb)

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9
Q

Distal

A

farther away from the point of attachment (limbs)

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10
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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11
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions

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12
Q

What are the four fundamental tissues?

A

Epithelial, Connective, muscle, and nerve

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13
Q

What is the epithelia tissues job?

A

Epithelia cells cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs.

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14
Q

What is the connective tissues job?

A

It’s the framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs.

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15
Q

Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells called?

A

Neuroglia

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16
Q

This tissue has the ability to contract or shorten

A

Muscle tissue

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17
Q

What are the two classifications of muscle tissue?

A

Voluntary muscle (skeletal muscles) or Involuntary muscle (Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle tissue).

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18
Q

Define a Cell.

A

Basic unit of life and building block of tissues and orgnas.

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19
Q

What does the nucleus contain and for what?

A

Contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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20
Q

Why is mitosis needed, what happens during this process, and where does it occur?

A

Needed for growth and repair. During this process DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to 2 daughter cells. It takes place in the gonads. (Mi-TWO-sis)

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21
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

The chromosome number is cut in half (46 to 23). So when the egg and the sperm unite in fertilization, the zygote will have the correct number of chromosomes.

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22
Q

The largest organ of the body is?

A

Skin

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23
Q

What are the two layers of the skin called? and what do they consist of?

A

Epidermis - Outermost protective layer made of dead, keratinized epithelial cells.

Dermis - Underlying layer of connective tissue w/blood cells & vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands.

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24
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis? (outer to inner)

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum germinativum (includes Stratum basale & stratum spinosum)
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25
Q

What layer of the skin does mitosis occur?

A

Stratum germinativum (includes stratum basale & stratum spinosum)

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26
Q

What kind of protein pigment do epithelia cells contain and what is its role?

A

Melanin; protects against radiation from the sun.

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27
Q

The most widely distributed sweat gland that regulates temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin.

A

Eccrine

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28
Q

Sweat gland mainly in the armpits and groin display what kind of secretion?

A

Apocrine

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29
Q

This secretion contains bits of cytoplasm from the secreting cells. This cells debris attracts bacteria, and the presence of this bacteria on the skin results in body odor.

A

Apocrine secretion

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30
Q

This gland releases an oily secretion (sebum) through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying.

A

Sebaceous Gland

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31
Q

By what kind of secretion is sebum produced?

A

Holocrine secretion

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32
Q

What glands are susceptible to becoming clogged and attracting bacteria, particularly at adolescents?

A

Sebaceous gland

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33
Q

What are the appendages of the skin? and what protein are they composed of?

A

Hair & nails composed of keratin.

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34
Q

What does the body framework consist of?

A

Bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

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35
Q

Functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)
  • Protection of internal organs
  • detoxification
  • Provision for muscle attachment
  • mineral storage (calcium & phosphorus)
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36
Q

What kind of bone has an irregular epiphysis at each end, composed of mainly spongy (cancellous) bone, and a shaft or diaphysis, composed of mainly compact bone?

A

Long bone

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37
Q

What are the cells that form compact bone called?

A

Osteoblasts

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38
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull, vertebral column, 12 pairs of ribs, and sternum

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39
Q

How many bones does the skull have?

A

When including the 6 paired bones of the (ossicles) of the ear, the skull is comprised of 28 bones (14 facial & 14 cranial vault bones)

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40
Q

Name the facial bones

A
  • 2 nasal
  • 2 maxillary
  • 2 zygomatic
  • 1 mandible
  • 2 palatine
  • 1 vomer
  • 2 lacrimal
  • 2 inferior nasal conchae
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41
Q

Name the bones of the cranium

A
  • occipital
  • frontal
  • ethmoid
  • sphenoid
  • 2 parietal
  • temporal
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42
Q

Name the ossicles of the ear

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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43
Q

Name the 5 sections of the vertebral column and the number of vertebrae in each section.

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
sacral  - 5 
Coccygeal - 1 (tailbone)
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44
Q

Appendicular skeleton consist of

A

The girdles & limbs

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45
Q

This portion of the appendicular skeleton consist of the pectoral or shoulder girdles, clavicle and scapula, and upper extremity

A

Upper portion (lower portion is the rest of the body)

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46
Q

What are the bones of the arm?

A

Humerus, radius, unla, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

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47
Q

The pelvic girdle consists of?

A
  • Fused ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
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48
Q

What are the bones of the lower extremity?

A
  • Femur (thigh)
  • Patella (knee cap)
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • tarsals (ankle)
  • metatarsals (foot)
  • Phalanges
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49
Q

Muscles produce movement by?

A

Contracting in response to nervous stimulation

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50
Q

The sliding together of actin and myosin filaments within the muscle cell or fiber produce what?

A

Muscle contractions

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51
Q

Each muscle cell consists of myofibrils, which in turn are made up of smaller units called?

A

Sacromeres

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52
Q

what must be present in order for a muscle cell to contract?

A

Calcium & Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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53
Q

Nervous stimulation from the motor neurons causes the release of ______ _____ from the __________ ________.

A

Calcium ions; sarcoplasmic reticulum

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54
Q

Calcium ions attach to the inhibitory proteins on the _____ filaments within the cell, moving them aside so that cross bridges can form between actin and ______ filaments.

A

Actin; myosin

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55
Q

the muscle that executes a given movement is the?

A

Prime mover

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56
Q

The muscle that produces opposite movement is the?

A

Antagonist

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57
Q

What other type of muscle may work with the “prime mover”?

A

Synergists

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58
Q

Muscle that reduces the angle at the joint?

A

Flexor

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59
Q

Muscle that increases the angle at the joint?

A

Extensor

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60
Q

Abductor muscle does what?

A

Draw limb away from midline

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61
Q

Adductor muscle does what?

A

Return limb back toward the body

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62
Q

what system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves?

A

The nervous system

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63
Q

What the vital system allow us to do?

A

Perceive changes that take place in our external and internal environments and to respond to those changes (hearing, smelling, seeing, tasting, touching)

64
Q

The main parts of a neuron are?

A
  • Cell body
  • axon
  • dendrites
65
Q

What do dendrites of a neuron do?

A

Transmit impulse toward the cell body

66
Q

What do axons of a neuron do?

A

Transmit impulse away from cell body

67
Q

What nervous system is compromised of the spinal cord and brain?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

68
Q

What nervous system is compromised of all other neurons in the body?

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

69
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons vs. Motor (efferent) neuron function

A

Afferent is toward the CNS and efferent is away from the CNS toward “effector” organs like the muscles, glands, and digestive organs.

70
Q

What part of the brain is associated with movement and sensory input?

A

cerebrum

71
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for muscle coordination?

A

Cerebellum

72
Q

What part of the brain controls vital functions such as respiration and heart rate?

A

Medulla oblongata

73
Q

Approximately how long is the spinal cord? and extends from the base of the skull to where?

A

18 inches. extends to the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra

74
Q

How many spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

75
Q

endocrine system plays an important role in _____ and ________ _______.

A

growth: sexual maturation

76
Q

Chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells.

A

Hormones

77
Q

Two major groups of hormones?

A

Steroid and nonsteroid

78
Q

Which type of hormone enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus?

A

Steroids

79
Q

Nonsteroid hormones

A
  • most are protein hormones

- remain at cell surface and act through a second messenger called adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

80
Q

what is the main function of Endocrine glands?

A

produce Hormones

81
Q

Cortisol from the adrenal cortex does what?

A
  • reduces inflammation
  • raises blood sugar
  • inhibits the release of histamine
82
Q

The pituitary gland (master gland) is attached to the hypothalamus by?

A

infundibulum

83
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is called?

A

Adenohypophysis

84
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is called?

A

Neurohypophysis

85
Q

Hormones of the adenohypophysis are called? and why?

A

Tropic hormones b/c they act mainly on endocrine glands

86
Q

What are the hormones made by the adenohypophysis?

A
  • Somatotropin hormone (STH) or growth hormone (GH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
87
Q

What are the hormone released by the neurohypophysis?

A
  • Oxytocin (labor hormone)

- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

88
Q

The thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, and gonads are all a part of what type of gland?

A

Endocrine glands

89
Q

Whole blood consists of? (percentages)

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

90
Q

What are the formed elements of blood? and where are they produced from?

A

-erythrocytes (RBC)
-leukocytes (WBC)
-plasma
Produced from stem cells in red bone marrow.

91
Q

Erythrocytes are modified for transport of _____. Most of this ____ is bound to the pigmented protein _______.

A

Oxygen; oxygen; hemoglobin

92
Q

These cells are active in phagocytosis (neutrophils and monocytes) and antibody formation (lymphocytes).

A

WBC

93
Q

Platelets are active in the process of?

A

Blood clotting

94
Q

What serves as a transport of oxygen and nutrients to the cell and carries away carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes?

A

Blood

95
Q

Plasma contains?

A

10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products and hormones, which are dissolved or suspended in water.

96
Q

The heart send blood to the lungs for oxygenation through the _____ circuit and the remainder of the body through the ______ circuit.

A

Pulmonary; systemic

97
Q

Blood is received by the _____ and is pumped into circulation by the ________.

A

Atria; ventricles

98
Q

Valves between the atria and the ventricles are?

A

Tricuspid on the right and bicuspid on the left.

99
Q

What valves are found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta?

A

Semilunar

100
Q

What arteries supply the heart muscle with blood?

A

Coronary arteries

101
Q

Blood drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the?

A

Coronary sinus

102
Q

The heart has an intrinsic beat initiated by the?

A

Sinoatrial node

103
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG) measures?

A

electrical activity along the conduction system through the myocardium

104
Q

Smallest vessel is the?

A

capillaries

105
Q

What occurs in the capillaries?

A

Exchange of water, nutrients, and waste products takes place between the blood and surrounding tissues.

106
Q

smallest arteries are called?

A

arterioles

107
Q

The _____ and ______ venae cavae are the larger veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart.

A

Superior; inferior

108
Q

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation result from?

A

Contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle in arterial walls

109
Q

The walls of _______ are thick and elastic and carry blood under high pressure.

A

Arteries

110
Q

This system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs with their alveoli, diaphragm, and muscles surrounding the ribs.

A

Respiratory system

111
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli.

112
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of gases between blood and body cells

113
Q

Cilia function?

A

trap or keep debris and foreign substances from entering lungs.

114
Q

Carbon dioxide is the regulator of?

A

blood pH

115
Q

Most carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate ions by what within red blood cells?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

116
Q

This system consists of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

A

Alimentary canal or digestive tube

117
Q

Accessory organs of digestion include?

A
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
118
Q

Mastication is?

A

chewing

119
Q

Saliva contains an enzyme called?

A

amylase (starts digestion)

120
Q

the digestive tract has four main layers (inner to outer)

A
  • mucous membrane
  • submucous layer
  • muscular layer
  • serous layer
121
Q

What acid breaks down food in the stomach?

A

Hydrolic acid

122
Q

Soupy substance the stomach turns a bolus into?

A

chyme

123
Q

Digestion and absorption of food occurs where?

A

small intestine

124
Q

This organ contributes water to dilute the chyme and bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid from the stomach.

A

pancreas

125
Q

What are the small intestines 3 major regions?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
126
Q

What is absorbed directly into the blood from the small intestines?

A

Amino acids and simple sugars from proteins and carbohydrates

127
Q

Most of what is absorbed into the lymph by lacteals then added to the bloodstream?

A

Fats

128
Q

Small fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of the intestinal wall?

A

Villi

129
Q

Role of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food. There are also abundant bacteria and intestinal flora here

130
Q

What are the 5 portions of the large intestine?

A
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
131
Q

Urinary system consists of what structures?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
132
Q

Tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder, where urine is stored before urination through the urethra to the outside.

A

Ureters

133
Q

The functional units of the kidney are the?

A

Nephrons

134
Q

Role of nephrons

A

Filter waste material out of blood brought to the kidney by the renal artery.

135
Q

Where does the actual filtration process occur?

A

Through the glomerulus in the bowman’s capsule of the nephron.

136
Q

As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body, such as _____, _______, and ______ leave the nephron by _________ and reenter the blood.

A

Water; glucose; ions; diffusion

137
Q

Where is water reabsorbed in the urinary system?

A

at the tubules of the nephron

138
Q

The final product produced by the millions of nephrons per kidney is?

A

Urine

139
Q

What are the two functions of the male and female sex organs?

A
  • productions of gametes (sex cells)

- Production of hormones

140
Q

What develops within the seminiferous tubules of each testis?

A

Spermatozoa

141
Q

The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules produce?

A

Testosterone

142
Q

This male hormone influences sperm cell development and also produces male secondary sex characteristics such as increased facial hair and body hair as well as voice deepening.

A

Testosterone

143
Q

Where is sperm stored once it’s produced?

A

Epididymis of each testis

144
Q

During ejaculation, the pathway for the sperm includes..

A
  • Vas deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
  • urethra
145
Q

What glands are a part of the ejaculatory pathway that produce semen?

A
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Prostate gland
  • bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
146
Q

What two hormones control testicular activity? and what do they specifically control?

A
  • FSH regulates sperm production

- Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) or LH stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone

147
Q

What does FSH influence in women?

A

Ripen of several eggs within the ovarian follicles in the ovary

148
Q

Ovarian follicles produce what that initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy?

A

Estrogen

149
Q

At approximately day 14 of the cycle, a surge of ____ is released from the ______, which stimulates ovulation and the conversion of the follicle to the ______ _______.

A

LH; Pituitary; corpus luteum

150
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone & estrogen

151
Q

If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum remains?

A

functional

152
Q

if fertilization doesn’t occur, the corpus luteum…..?

A

Degenerates and menstruation begins

153
Q

where does the egg end up after ovulation?

A

Oviduct or fallopian tube

154
Q

If fertilization occurs, it occurs when the egg is where?

A

in the oviduct

155
Q

A fertilized egg or zygote travels to the uterus and implants itself within the?

A

endometrium

156
Q

In the uterus, the developing embryo is nourished by the______, which is formed by_____ and_____ tissues.

A

Placenta; maternal; embryonic

157
Q

During pregnancy, hormones from the placenta maintain the__________ and prepare the ______ glands for breast milk.

A

Endometrium; mammary

HESI Exam (2 decks)

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