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HESI ADMISSION EXAM > A& P > Flashcards

A& P Flashcards

1
Q

Study of tissue

A

Histology

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2
Q

Name the four types of tissue

A
  • Epithelial cells (cover, line and protect the body and its internal organs)
  • Connective tissue framework for body providing support and structure for organs
  • Muscle tissue can contract and shorten
  • Nerve tissue- composed of neurons and connective tissue cells (neuroglia)

Epic Connections Make Nervous

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3
Q

Name the layers of the epidermis

A
  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum

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Before signing get legal counsel

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4
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands

A

Search Results

There are two types of sweat glands, eccrine and apocrine.

Eccrine is the most numerous type that is found all over the body particularly on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead. Apocrine is mostly the armpits. They end in hair follicles instead of or pores.

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5
Q

How are bones classified

A

By shape

a) Long bones
b) flat bones
c) irregular bones
d) sesamoid bones

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6
Q

How do muscle contractions happen?

A

Results from the sliding together of ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS WITHIN THE MUSCLE CELL OR FIBER

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7
Q

What are muscle cells made up of?

A

Myofibrils ( which are made up of sacromeres)

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8
Q

What must be present for a muscle cell to contract?

A

Calcium and ATP

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9
Q

What is the process for muscle contraction?

A

Nervous stimulation from motor neurons ->release of Ca ions from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM -> Ca ions attach to inhibitory proteins on actin filaments within cell -> cross bridges form between actin and myosin filaments -> using energy supplied by ATP filaments slide together

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10
Q

Another name for skeletal muscles

A

voluntary muscles

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11
Q

How are muscles classified

A

according to the movements they elicit

a) flexors reduce the angle at the joint
b) extensors increase the angle
c) abductors draw a limb away from the mid-line
d) adductors return the limb back toward the body

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12
Q

All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of ______ impulses over ________

A

Nerve impulses over neurons (or nerve cells)

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13
Q

Name the parts of the neuron

A
  • Cell body
  • Axon
  • Dendrites
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14
Q

_______transmit the impulse toward the cell body, ____transmit the impulse away from the body.

A

Dendrites & axons

DTB/AAB

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15
Q

What is the CNS comprised of ?

A

Spinal Cord& Brain

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16
Q

What is the PNS comprised of ?

A

composed of all other neurons in the body

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17
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit nerve impulses ____ the CNS.

A

toward

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18
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons transmit nerve impulses ____from the CNS toward the effector organs (muscles glands and digestive organs)

A

away

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19
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

its associated with movement and sensory input

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20
Q

Cerebellum?

A

Responsible for muscular coordination

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21
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate

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22
Q

______ are chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation and metabolism of specific target cells

A

Hormones

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23
Q

What are the two major types of hormones?

A

Steroid - enter target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus

Non-steroid- some are protein hormones

24
Q

Most hormones affect cell activity by__________

A

altering the rate of protein synthesis

25
Q

What glands produces hormones

A

endocrine glands.. widely distributed throughout body

26
Q

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis (make tropic hormones)

27
Q

posterior lobe

A

neurohypophysis (oxytocin and ADH)

28
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood

29
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of gases between the blood and nasal cavities and the alveoli conduct gases to and from the lungs

30
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

digestive tube consisting of

  • mouth,
  • pharynx,
  • esophagus,
  • stomach,
  • small intestine,
  • rectum and
  • anus
31
Q

Enzyme ins saliva

A

amylase- starts the digestion of complex carbohydrates

32
Q

Esophagus

A

a narrow tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach

33
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract

A
  • mucous membrane
  • sub mucous layer
  • muscular layer
  • serous layer

Music substitutes musket service

34
Q

A _____ of food is turned into a substance called ____ by the stomach muscles

A

bolus; chyme

35
Q

Where does digestion and absorption of food occur

A

small intestine

36
Q

Three parts of the small intestine (where nutrients are absorbed)

A

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

Duo Jugs Illicit

37
Q

Where is nutrients decontaminated ?

A

Nutrients enter the hepatic portal vein to be routed to the liver for decontamination

38
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food

39
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine ?

A
  • the ascending colon
  • the transverse colon
  • the descending colon
  • the sigmoid colon
  • the rectum
40
Q

Four parts of the urinary system

A
  • two kidneys (filter blood)
  • two ureters (transport urine to urinary bladder)
  • urinary bladder (urine is stored)
  • urethra (urine comes out)
41
Q

What are nephrons?

A

In kidney small coiled tubes that filter waste out of blood process occurs through GLOMERULUS in Bowman’s capsule of the nephron

42
Q

Blood makup and functions

A

55% plasma

45% formed elements

Blood transport oxygen and nutrients to body cells and carrys away carbon dioxide and metabolic waste

43
Q

Erthrocytes

A

red blood cells

44
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells (active in phagocytosis and antibody formation

45
Q

platelets

A

active in blood clotting

46
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

blood is oxygenated here; blood flow to the lungs and back to the heart.

47
Q

systemic circuit

A

flow of blood through the body from the heart to the body and back to the heart.

This is opposed to the pulmonary circuit which is blood flow to the lungs and back to the heart.

48
Q

Blood pathway via heart

A

Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve.

49
Q

how is heart beat initiated

A

The impulse starts in a small bundle of specialized cells located in the right atrium, called the SA node. The electrical activity spreads through the walls of the atria and causes them to contract. This forces blood into the ventricles. The SA node sets the rate and rhythm of your heartbeat

50
Q

cardiac cycle

A

period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction

51
Q

Vascular System

A
  • arteries (begin with aorta branches go throughout body)
  • veins
  • capillaries
52
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart; smallest called arterioles

53
Q

veins

A

carry blood toward the heart

54
Q

capillaries

A

smallest of vessels, where the exchanges of water, nutrients and waste products take place between blood and surrounding tissues

55
Q

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

result from contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial walls

56
Q

Name the anatomical positions

A

Anterior: Front, or toward the front

Posterior: Back, or toward the back

Dorsal: Back, or toward the back (think of a whale’s dorsal fin)

Ventral: Front, or toward the front (think of an air vent)

Lateral: On the side, or toward the side

Medial/median: Middle, or toward the middle

Proximal: Nearer to the point of attachment (such as the armpit)

Distal: Farther from the point of attachment

Superior: Situated above, or higher than, another body part

Inferior: Situated below, or lower than, another body part

Peripheral: Away from the center

57
Q

what is the difference between the axial and appendicuar skeletal system?

A

The axial skeleton is the skeletal structure (bones, cartilage, ligaments) that comprises the medial part of a body, also known as the trunk (spine, ribs, skull, etc). In humans, much of the axial skeleton acts as a protective encasement for central nervous system tissue, whereas the apendicular skeleton provides no such function

The appendicular skeleton is the peripheral skeletal structure that includes arms, legs, pelvis (excluding the sacrum), and shoulder. It too, like the axial skeleton, is primarily comprised of bones and is held together with ligaments, with cartilage as the connective tissue that performs various functions essentially relating to making the joints run smoother.

HESI ADMISSION EXAM (5 decks)

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