A& P Flashcards
Study of tissue
Histology
Name the four types of tissue
- Epithelial cells (cover, line and protect the body and its internal organs)
- Connective tissue framework for body providing support and structure for organs
- Muscle tissue can contract and shorten
- Nerve tissue- composed of neurons and connective tissue cells (neuroglia)
Epic Connections Make Nervous
Name the layers of the epidermis
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
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What are the two types of sweat glands
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There are two types of sweat glands, eccrine and apocrine.
Eccrine is the most numerous type that is found all over the body particularly on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead. Apocrine is mostly the armpits. They end in hair follicles instead of or pores.
How are bones classified
By shape
a) Long bones
b) flat bones
c) irregular bones
d) sesamoid bones
How do muscle contractions happen?
Results from the sliding together of ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS WITHIN THE MUSCLE CELL OR FIBER
What are muscle cells made up of?
Myofibrils ( which are made up of sacromeres)
What must be present for a muscle cell to contract?
Calcium and ATP
What is the process for muscle contraction?
Nervous stimulation from motor neurons ->release of Ca ions from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM -> Ca ions attach to inhibitory proteins on actin filaments within cell -> cross bridges form between actin and myosin filaments -> using energy supplied by ATP filaments slide together
Another name for skeletal muscles
voluntary muscles
How are muscles classified
according to the movements they elicit
a) flexors reduce the angle at the joint
b) extensors increase the angle
c) abductors draw a limb away from the mid-line
d) adductors return the limb back toward the body
All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of ______ impulses over ________
Nerve impulses over neurons (or nerve cells)
Name the parts of the neuron
- Cell body
- Axon
- Dendrites
_______transmit the impulse toward the cell body, ____transmit the impulse away from the body.
Dendrites & axons
DTB/AAB
What is the CNS comprised of ?
Spinal Cord& Brain
What is the PNS comprised of ?
composed of all other neurons in the body
Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit nerve impulses ____ the CNS.
toward
Motor (efferent) neurons transmit nerve impulses ____from the CNS toward the effector organs (muscles glands and digestive organs)
away
What does the cerebrum do?
its associated with movement and sensory input
Cerebellum?
Responsible for muscular coordination
Medulla oblongata
controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
______ are chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation and metabolism of specific target cells
Hormones
What are the two major types of hormones?
Steroid - enter target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus
Non-steroid- some are protein hormones
Most hormones affect cell activity by__________
altering the rate of protein synthesis
What glands produces hormones
endocrine glands.. widely distributed throughout body
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
adenohypophysis (make tropic hormones)
posterior lobe
neurohypophysis (oxytocin and ADH)
External respiration
exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood
Internal respiration
exchange of gases between the blood and nasal cavities and the alveoli conduct gases to and from the lungs
Alimentary Canal
digestive tube consisting of
- mouth,
- pharynx,
- esophagus,
- stomach,
- small intestine,
- rectum and
- anus
Enzyme ins saliva
amylase- starts the digestion of complex carbohydrates
Esophagus
a narrow tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach
What are the four layers of the digestive tract
- mucous membrane
- sub mucous layer
- muscular layer
- serous layer
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A _____ of food is turned into a substance called ____ by the stomach muscles
bolus; chyme
Where does digestion and absorption of food occur
small intestine
Three parts of the small intestine (where nutrients are absorbed)
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
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Where is nutrients decontaminated ?
Nutrients enter the hepatic portal vein to be routed to the liver for decontamination
What is the function of the large intestine?
reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food
What are the parts of the large intestine ?
- the ascending colon
- the transverse colon
- the descending colon
- the sigmoid colon
- the rectum
Four parts of the urinary system
- two kidneys (filter blood)
- two ureters (transport urine to urinary bladder)
- urinary bladder (urine is stored)
- urethra (urine comes out)
What are nephrons?
In kidney small coiled tubes that filter waste out of blood process occurs through GLOMERULUS in Bowman’s capsule of the nephron
Blood makup and functions
55% plasma
45% formed elements
Blood transport oxygen and nutrients to body cells and carrys away carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
Erthrocytes
red blood cells
leukocytes
white blood cells (active in phagocytosis and antibody formation
platelets
active in blood clotting
Pulmonary Circuit
blood is oxygenated here; blood flow to the lungs and back to the heart.
systemic circuit
flow of blood through the body from the heart to the body and back to the heart.
This is opposed to the pulmonary circuit which is blood flow to the lungs and back to the heart.
Blood pathway via heart
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve.
how is heart beat initiated
The impulse starts in a small bundle of specialized cells located in the right atrium, called the SA node. The electrical activity spreads through the walls of the atria and causes them to contract. This forces blood into the ventricles. The SA node sets the rate and rhythm of your heartbeat
cardiac cycle
period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction
Vascular System
- arteries (begin with aorta branches go throughout body)
- veins
- capillaries
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart; smallest called arterioles
veins
carry blood toward the heart
capillaries
smallest of vessels, where the exchanges of water, nutrients and waste products take place between blood and surrounding tissues
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
result from contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial walls
Name the anatomical positions
Anterior: Front, or toward the front
Posterior: Back, or toward the back
Dorsal: Back, or toward the back (think of a whale’s dorsal fin)
Ventral: Front, or toward the front (think of an air vent)
Lateral: On the side, or toward the side
Medial/median: Middle, or toward the middle
Proximal: Nearer to the point of attachment (such as the armpit)
Distal: Farther from the point of attachment
Superior: Situated above, or higher than, another body part
Inferior: Situated below, or lower than, another body part
Peripheral: Away from the center
what is the difference between the axial and appendicuar skeletal system?
The axial skeleton is the skeletal structure (bones, cartilage, ligaments) that comprises the medial part of a body, also known as the trunk (spine, ribs, skull, etc). In humans, much of the axial skeleton acts as a protective encasement for central nervous system tissue, whereas the apendicular skeleton provides no such function
The appendicular skeleton is the peripheral skeletal structure that includes arms, legs, pelvis (excluding the sacrum), and shoulder. It too, like the axial skeleton, is primarily comprised of bones and is held together with ligaments, with cartilage as the connective tissue that performs various functions essentially relating to making the joints run smoother.
