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Leah Eldred > A&P 4 > Flashcards

A&P 4 Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

4 main processes of Respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Transport
  4. Internal Respiration
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2
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

(breathing) moving air into and out of our lungs

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3
Q

External Respiration

A

happens at the pulmonary capillaries; gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

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4
Q

Transport

A

transport of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and tissues

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5
Q

Internal Respiration

A

gas exchange between the systemic blood vessels and tissues; happens in systemic capillaries

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6
Q

Movement of Air

A

Conducting Zone:
Nose - nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - primary (main) bronchi - secondary (lobar) bronchi - tertiary bronchi - 23 branches - - - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory zone
Respiratory zone:
Respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - individual alveoli

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7
Q

Function of Nose

A

to warm, moisten, and filter air

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8
Q

What are the cells that line the nose

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

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9
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

helps increase the surface area available to warm and filter the air

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10
Q

3 important points of the paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Sinuses are hollow places in our skull
  2. sinuses reduce the weight of the skull and serve as a chamber to affect the quality of voice
  3. play a role in filtering air
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11
Q

epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage which prevents food and liquid from going into the lungs

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12
Q

Larynx (voice box)

A

houses the vocal cords
composed of thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis and elastic tissue

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13
Q

Vocal Cords

A

2 pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissue
Upper pair: false vocal cords: protection and regulation
Lower pair: true vocal cords: produce voice and sound

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14
Q

What is the tracheal wall supported by

A

the tracheal wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings which keeps the trachea open at all times

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15
Q

What makes up the bulk of our lungs

A

Alveoli; the more alveoli the more gas exchange that occurs

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16
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

produces surfactant which reduces surface tension and prevents alveoli collapsing when we exhale

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17
Q

Which lung is larger

A

The right lung is larger (3 lobes)
Left lung (2 lobes)

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18
Q

What covers the lung and what covers the thoracic cavity and what is layer between them

A

Visceral pleura - lung
Parietal pleura - thoracic cavity
A serous fluid lubricates pleural cavity between them

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19
Q

What is the movement of pressure in our body

A

High to low pressure

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20
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

the force that moves air into the lungs; 760 mm Hg

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21
Q

When pressure on the inside of the lungs decreases, does higher or lower pressure air flow in from the outside

A

higher pressure

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22
Q

how is air pressure inside the lungs decreased

A

it decreases by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity ; surface tension between the 2 layers of pleura the lungs follow with the chest wall and expand

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23
Q

What are the muscles involved with breathing

A

the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm

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24
Q

as the lungs expand what keeps the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing

A

surfactant

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25
Sequence of events in Inspiration
1. Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends and rib cage rises) 2. thoracic cavity volume increases 3. The lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases 4. Intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1mm Hg) 5. air flows into the lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
26
Forced inspiration and muscles involved
Contraction of more muscles in the thoracic cavity; Pectoralis Minor and Sternocleidomastoid
27
Sequence of events in Expiration
1. Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises and rib cage descends) 2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases 3. elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases 4. Intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1 mmHg) 5. air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
28
Forced Expiration and the muscles involved
is aided by thoracic and abdominal wall muscles that compress the abdomen against the diaphragm Internal intercostal muscles Rectus Abdominus Oblique Transverse Abdominus
29
Spirometry
The measurement of different air volumes
30
Respiratory Cycle
one inspiration followed by expiration
31
Tidal Volume
the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle 500 ml
32
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume 2100-3200 ml
33
Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)
air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration 1000-1200 ml
34
Residual Volume (RV)
air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration 1200 ml
35
Why do males have greater expiratory rates
because on average males are larger and taller
36
Vital Capacity (VC)
the total amount of exchangeable air VC= (TV + IRV + ERV) males = 4800 ml
37
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
SUm of all lung volumes TLC = (VC + RV) males = 6000 ml
38
anatomical dead space
volume of the conducting respiratory passages 150 ml
39
alveolar dead space
alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction
40
Total dead space
sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space
41
How many breaths per minute do we normally have
roughly 15 breaths/min
42
Alveolar Ventilation rate (AVR)
measures the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time AVR = frequency (breaths per min) x (TV - dead space)
43
what type of breathing increases and decreases AVR
Slow deep breathing increases AVR Rapid shallow breathing decreases AVR
44
Control of breathing
normal breathing is rthymic and involuntary even though the muscles are under voluntary control
45
Respiratory Areas
are found in the brain stem controls breathing by causing inspiration and expiration and by adjusting the rate and depth of breathing
46
2 groups of medullary rhythmicity center
1. Dorsal Respiratory group - integrates peripheral sensory input and modifies VRG rhythms; in control during resting breathing 2. Ventral respiratory group - contains rhythm generators whose output drives respiration; forceful breath
47
Central Chemoreceptors
increase CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+HCO3 increase H+ -> Central chemoreceptors -> Respiratory center -> increase BR and increase TV -> more CO2 removed -> decrease H+ in blood decrease O2 -> peripheral chemoreceptors -> respiratory center -> increase BR and TV -> increase O2
48
Hyperventilation
lowers the amount of Carbon Dioxide in the blood
49
Alveoli
tiny sacs clustered at the distal ends of alveolar ducts
49
What does the respiratory membrane consist of
epithelial cells of the alveolus, the endothelial cells of the capillary, and the two fused basement membranes of these layers.
50
What percentage of Oxygen is carried into the blood? What does it bind to and what does it produce?
98% binds to hemoglobin produces oxyhemoglobin
51
What factors favor increased diffusion
more surface area; shorter distance; greater solubility of gases; steeper partial pressure gradient
52
Hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues
53
Carbon Dioxide Transport
Carbon dioxide may be transported dissolved in blood plasma as carbaminohemoglobin or bicarbonate ions
54
What type of cells does carbon dioxide mostly enter
Carbon dioxide mostly enters red blood cells because the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds up the reaction
55
What does the urinary system consist of
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
56
Layers surrounding a kidney
inner layer: fibrous capsule middle: perirenal fat capsule Outer: renal fascia
57
Where do blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter enter the kidney
the renal sinus`
58
What are the 2 distinct regions found in the kidney
1. Renal medulla: houses tubes leading to the papillae 2. Renal Cortex: contains the nephrons
59
What are the functional units of the kidney and what do they do
Nephrons filter the blood
60
Kidney Functions
1. regulates the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids and removes metabolic waste from the blood in the process 2. Helps control the rate of red blood cell formation by secreting erythropoietin, and regulates blood pressure by secreting renin
61
how many nephrons does a kidney contain and what does it consist of
one million nephrons consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
62
Renal corpuscle
is the filtering part of a nephron is made up of a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus and a glomerular capsule that receives the filtrate
63
What does urine formation involve
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
64
Net Filtration Pressure
the net pressure forcing substances out of the glomerulus
65
What is the main force responsible for moving substances by filtration through the glomerular capillary wall
it is the hydrostatic pressure of the blood inside
66
What are the factors that affect the filtration rate
filtration pressure, glomerular plasma osmotic pressure, and the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule
67
On average what is the filtration rate
125 ml/min or 180 liters in 24 hours
68
renin-angiotenson system
regulates sodium excretion
69
Urinary Elimination
Nephron -> Collecting Duct -> Renal Papilla -> Minor Calyx -> Major Calyx -> Renal Pelvis -> Ureter -> Urinary Bladder -> Urethra -> outside body
70
Urea and uric acid
Urea is a by-product of amino acid metabolism Uric Acid is a by-product of nucleic acid metabolism * urea is passively reabsorbed by diffusion but about 50% of urea is excreted in the urine * most uric acid is reabsorbed by active transport and a small amount is secreted into the renal tubule
71
What is urine made of
95% Water 1. Urea 2. Na+ 3. K+ 4. Phosphate 5. Sulfates 6. Creatinine 7. Uric Acid
72
Ureter
muscular tubes extending from the kidneys to base of urinary bladder
73
3 layers of ureter wall
mucous coat, muscular coat, outer fibrous coat
74
Urinary Bladder
hollow muscular organ lying in the pelvic cavity
75
Trigone
composed of the openings of the 2 ureters and the urethra
76
4 coats of the wall of the urinary bladder
inner mucous coat, submucous coat, musclular coat made up of detrusor muscle, and an outer serous coat
77
Micturition
1. Urine leaves the bladder by the micturition reflex 2. The detrusor muscle contracts and the external urethral sphincter must also relax 3. Stretching of the urinary bladder triggers the micturition reflex center located in the spinal cord 4. return parasympathetic impulses cause the detrusor muscle to contract in waves, and an urge to urinate is sensed 5. When the contractions become strong enough, the internal urethral sphincter is forced open 6. the external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and under conscious control
78
Urethra
a muscular tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside via the external urethral orifice contains urethral glands that secretes mucus into the urethral canal

Leah Eldred (2 decks)

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