Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Leah Eldred > A&P 4 > Flashcards

A&P 4 Flashcards

1
Q

4 main processes of Respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Transport
  4. Internal Respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

(breathing) moving air into and out of our lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

External Respiration

A

happens at the pulmonary capillaries; gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Transport

A

transport of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Internal Respiration

A

gas exchange between the systemic blood vessels and tissues; happens in systemic capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Movement of Air

A

Conducting Zone:
Nose - nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - primary (main) bronchi - secondary (lobar) bronchi - tertiary bronchi - 23 branches - - - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory zone
Respiratory zone:
Respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - individual alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of Nose

A

to warm, moisten, and filter air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the cells that line the nose

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

helps increase the surface area available to warm and filter the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 important points of the paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Sinuses are hollow places in our skull
  2. sinuses reduce the weight of the skull and serve as a chamber to affect the quality of voice
  3. play a role in filtering air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage which prevents food and liquid from going into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Larynx (voice box)

A

houses the vocal cords
composed of thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis and elastic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vocal Cords

A

2 pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissue
Upper pair: false vocal cords: protection and regulation
Lower pair: true vocal cords: produce voice and sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the tracheal wall supported by

A

the tracheal wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings which keeps the trachea open at all times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes up the bulk of our lungs

A

Alveoli; the more alveoli the more gas exchange that occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

produces surfactant which reduces surface tension and prevents alveoli collapsing when we exhale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which lung is larger

A

The right lung is larger (3 lobes)
Left lung (2 lobes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What covers the lung and what covers the thoracic cavity and what is layer between them

A

Visceral pleura - lung
Parietal pleura - thoracic cavity
A serous fluid lubricates pleural cavity between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the movement of pressure in our body

A

High to low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

the force that moves air into the lungs; 760 mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When pressure on the inside of the lungs decreases, does higher or lower pressure air flow in from the outside

A

higher pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how is air pressure inside the lungs decreased

A

it decreases by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity ; surface tension between the 2 layers of pleura the lungs follow with the chest wall and expand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the muscles involved with breathing

A

the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

as the lungs expand what keeps the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing

A

surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sequence of events in Inspiration

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends and rib cage rises)
  2. thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. The lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1mm Hg)
  5. air flows into the lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Forced inspiration and muscles involved

A

Contraction of more muscles in the thoracic cavity;
Pectoralis Minor and Sternocleidomastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sequence of events in Expiration

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises and rib cage descends)
  2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1 mmHg)
  5. air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Forced Expiration and the muscles involved

A

is aided by thoracic and abdominal wall muscles that compress the abdomen against the diaphragm
Internal intercostal muscles
Rectus Abdominus
Oblique
Transverse Abdominus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Spirometry

A

The measurement of different air volumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Respiratory Cycle

A

one inspiration followed by expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Tidal Volume

A

the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle
500 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
2100-3200 ml

33
Q

Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)

A

air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration
1000-1200 ml

34
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration
1200 ml

35
Q

Why do males have greater expiratory rates

A

because on average males are larger and taller

36
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

the total amount of exchangeable air
VC= (TV + IRV + ERV)
males = 4800 ml

37
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

SUm of all lung volumes
TLC = (VC + RV)
males = 6000 ml

38
Q

anatomical dead space

A

volume of the conducting respiratory passages
150 ml

39
Q

alveolar dead space

A

alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

40
Q

Total dead space

A

sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space

41
Q

How many breaths per minute do we normally have

A

roughly 15 breaths/min

42
Q

Alveolar Ventilation rate (AVR)

A

measures the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
AVR = frequency (breaths per min) x (TV - dead space)

43
Q

what type of breathing increases and decreases AVR

A

Slow deep breathing increases AVR
Rapid shallow breathing decreases AVR

44
Q

Control of breathing

A

normal breathing is rthymic and involuntary even though the muscles are under voluntary control

45
Q

Respiratory Areas

A

are found in the brain stem
controls breathing by causing inspiration and expiration and by adjusting the rate and depth of breathing

46
Q

2 groups of medullary rhythmicity center

A
  1. Dorsal Respiratory group - integrates peripheral sensory input and modifies VRG rhythms; in control during resting breathing
  2. Ventral respiratory group - contains rhythm generators whose output drives respiration; forceful breath
47
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

A

increase CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+HCO3 increase H+ -> Central chemoreceptors -> Respiratory center -> increase BR and increase TV -> more CO2 removed -> decrease H+ in blood decrease O2 -> peripheral chemoreceptors -> respiratory center -> increase BR and TV -> increase O2

48
Q

Hyperventilation

A

lowers the amount of Carbon Dioxide in the blood

49
Q

Alveoli

A

tiny sacs clustered at the distal ends of alveolar ducts

49
Q

What does the respiratory membrane consist of

A

epithelial cells of the alveolus, the endothelial cells of the capillary, and the two fused basement membranes of these layers.

50
Q

What percentage of Oxygen is carried into the blood?
What does it bind to and what does it produce?

A

98%
binds to hemoglobin
produces oxyhemoglobin

51
Q

What factors favor increased diffusion

A

more surface area; shorter distance; greater solubility of gases; steeper partial pressure gradient

52
Q

Hypoxia

A

deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues

53
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

Carbon dioxide may be transported dissolved in blood plasma as carbaminohemoglobin or bicarbonate ions

54
Q

What type of cells does carbon dioxide mostly enter

A

Carbon dioxide mostly enters red blood cells because the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds up the reaction

55
Q

What does the urinary system consist of

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

56
Q

Layers surrounding a kidney

A

inner layer: fibrous capsule
middle: perirenal fat capsule
Outer: renal fascia

57
Q

Where do blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter enter the kidney

A

the renal sinus`

58
Q

What are the 2 distinct regions found in the kidney

A
  1. Renal medulla: houses tubes leading to the papillae
  2. Renal Cortex: contains the nephrons
59
Q

What are the functional units of the kidney and what do they do

A

Nephrons filter the blood

60
Q

Kidney Functions

A
  1. regulates the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids and removes metabolic waste from the blood in the process
  2. Helps control the rate of red blood cell formation by secreting erythropoietin, and regulates blood pressure by secreting renin
61
Q

how many nephrons does a kidney contain and what does it consist of

A

one million nephrons
consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

62
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

is the filtering part of a nephron
is made up of a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus and a glomerular capsule that receives the filtrate

63
Q

What does urine formation involve

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

64
Q

Net Filtration Pressure

A

the net pressure forcing substances out of the glomerulus

65
Q

What is the main force responsible for moving substances by filtration through the glomerular capillary wall

A

it is the hydrostatic pressure of the blood inside

66
Q

What are the factors that affect the filtration rate

A

filtration pressure, glomerular plasma osmotic pressure, and the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule

67
Q

On average what is the filtration rate

A

125 ml/min or 180 liters in 24 hours

68
Q

renin-angiotenson system

A

regulates sodium excretion

69
Q

Urinary Elimination

A

Nephron -> Collecting Duct -> Renal Papilla -> Minor Calyx -> Major Calyx -> Renal Pelvis -> Ureter -> Urinary Bladder -> Urethra -> outside body

70
Q

Urea and uric acid

A

Urea is a by-product of amino acid metabolism
Uric Acid is a by-product of nucleic acid metabolism
* urea is passively reabsorbed by diffusion but about 50% of urea is excreted in the urine
* most uric acid is reabsorbed by active transport and a small amount is secreted into the renal tubule

71
Q

What is urine made of

A

95% Water
1. Urea
2. Na+
3. K+
4. Phosphate
5. Sulfates
6. Creatinine
7. Uric Acid

72
Q

Ureter

A

muscular tubes extending from the kidneys to base of urinary bladder

73
Q

3 layers of ureter wall

A

mucous coat, muscular coat, outer fibrous coat

74
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

hollow muscular organ lying in the pelvic cavity

75
Q

Trigone

A

composed of the openings of the 2 ureters and the urethra

76
Q

4 coats of the wall of the urinary bladder

A

inner mucous coat, submucous coat, musclular coat made up of detrusor muscle, and an outer serous coat

77
Q

Micturition

A
  1. Urine leaves the bladder by the micturition reflex
  2. The detrusor muscle contracts and the external urethral sphincter must also relax
  3. Stretching of the urinary bladder triggers the micturition reflex center located in the spinal cord
  4. return parasympathetic impulses cause the detrusor muscle to contract in waves, and an urge to urinate is sensed
  5. When the contractions become strong enough, the internal urethral sphincter is forced open
  6. the external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and under conscious control
78
Q

Urethra

A

a muscular tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside via the external urethral orifice
contains urethral glands that secretes mucus into the urethral canal

Leah Eldred (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions