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A&P for Flashcardlet > A&P 3 > Flashcards

A&P 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Hinge; uniaxial

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2
Q

What are the four muscles that make up the Quadriceps muscle group?

A

~Rectus femoris
~Vastus lateralis
~Vastus medialis
~Vastus intermedius

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3
Q

What is an important fact about the Quadriceps?

A

It should be about 25-30% stronger than the hamstring muscles.

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4
Q

What is the primary action of the Vastus lateralis?

A

Knee extension (slight internal rotation)

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5
Q

Origin
~Intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, upper half of the linea aspera and the entire lateral intermuscular septum

Insertion
~Lateral border of patella, patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity

A

Vastus lateralis

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6
Q

What is the primary action of the Vastus intermedius?

A

Knee extension

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7
Q

Origin
~Upper two-thirds of anterior surface of femur

Insertion
~Upper border of patella and the patellar tendon of tibial tuberosity

A

Vastus intermedius

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8
Q

What is the primary action of the Vastus medialis?

A

Knee extension (slight external rotation

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9
Q

Origin
~Whole length of linea aspera and medial condyloid ridge

Insertion
~Medial half of the upper border of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity

A

Vastus medialis

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10
Q

What muscles make up the Hamstrings?

A

~Biceps femoris
~Semimembranosus
~Semitendinosus

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11
Q

What is an important function of the hamstrings?

A

Their flexibility

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12
Q

What are the functions of the popliteus?

A

~Knee flexion
~Knee internal rotation
~Provides posteriorateral stability of the knee

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13
Q

Origin
~Posterior surface of the lateral condyle of the femur

Insertion
~Upper posterior medial surface of tibia

A

Popliteus

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14
Q

What is the cause of a knee ligament sprain?

A

A force overwhelms ligament strength

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15
Q

What are the grades of a knee sprain?

A

~Grade 1 (stretch)
~Grade 2 (Partial tear)
~Grade 3 (complete tear)

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16
Q

What is the diagnosis of a knee ligament sprain?

A

Swelling starts in twenty to thirty minutes

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17
Q

How long does each grade of a knee ligament sprain take to heal?

A

~Grade one heals in about 7 days
~Grade two takes 2-3 weeks
~Grade three requires surgery

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18
Q

What is the initial treatment for a knee ligament sprain?

A

RICE

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19
Q

What is an important fact about knee ligament sprains?

A

60% of all significant knee ligament injuries involve at least a partial injury to the ACL

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20
Q

What are the causes of a torn ACL?

A

~’Play” develops between the femur and tibia
~ACL functions as a restraining “guidewire”
~Often caused by a blow to the lateral knee (often rupturing the medial collateral ligament, too)

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21
Q

What is the diagnosis of a torn ACL?

A

Swelling starts twenty to thirty minutes after injury

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22
Q

What test can be used to diagnosis a torn ACL?

A

Anterior drawer test

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23
Q

How long does each grade of a torn ACL take to heal?

A

~Grade one heals in about 7 days
~Grade two takes 2-3 weeks
~Grade three requires surgery

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24
Q

What is an important fact about a torn ACL?

A

Without a fully functional ACL, the knee has a 50% chance of becoming permanently unstable

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25
Q

What are the causes for a torn meniscus?

A

~Twist down too hard, the cartilage will rip

~Almost impossible to do by yourself, need an awkward fall, tackle, etc..

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26
Q

What are two important facts about a torn meniscus?

A

~Medial meniscus is torn four times as often as the lateral meniscus
~A torn cartilage is torn for good

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27
Q

What is the diagnosis of a torn meniscus?

A

~Sensation that something has ‘given way’
~Excess synovial fluid accumulates and it is very hard to bend the knee
~Pain on the medial (or lateral) aspect of the knee
~Piece of free cartilage can caused ‘locked knee’
~Surgery is a MUST

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28
Q

What is the recovery time for a torn meniscus?

A

3-6 weeks

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29
Q

What is the best procedure to use when diagnosing a torn meniscus?

A

An arthrogram (dye and x-ray)

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30
Q

What are the causes for a patella sublaxation?

A

~Outer structures of the knee (vastus lateralis) overpower the inner structures (vastus medialis)
~A kneecap ‘rides high’ (common in thin people)
~Patellar surface on the femur is too shallow

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31
Q

How would you diagnosis a patella sublaxation?

A

~Straight track test with flexed extensors

~Medial-lateral test with relaxed extensors

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32
Q

What is the treatment for a patella sublaxation?

A

~Exercise/ support

~If exercise is ineffective, surgery can fix the patellar surface or tighten surrounding muscles

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33
Q

What are the causes of patella chondromalacia?

A

~Kneecap instability
~Direct blow (traumatic chondromalacia)
~Genetic abnormality
~Unknown (overuse?)

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34
Q

What is the diagnosis of patella chondromalacia?

A

~Pain at the patella
~Intensifies with prolonged sitting
~Squatting or kneeling is painful

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35
Q

What are the test used to diagnose patella chondromalacia?

A

The crepitus and quadriceps inhibition tests are positive

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36
Q

What is the treatment for patella chondromalacia?

A

~Rest and anti-inflammatory medication for two weeks

~Severe cases require ‘shaving’

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37
Q

What is an important fact about runner’s knee?

A

30% of all runners/joggers experience Runner’s Knee, making it the most common lower body ailment with the exception of the ankle sprain

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38
Q

What are the causes for Runner’s knee?

A

~Overuse
~Micro-trauma in the area of the iliotibial band
~Prevalent in distance runners– not common in sprinters

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39
Q

What is the diagnosis of Runner’s knee?

A

~Pain is not localized, but lies over a broad area of the lateral knee joint
~Starts with mild discomfort and gets progressively worse without rest

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40
Q

What is the treatment for Runner’s Knee?

A

~Should rest at least a week and ice twenty minutes twice daily
~Virtually all cases involve natural ankle inversion- treated with an orthotic

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41
Q

What joints are in the ankle?

A

~Tibiofibular
~Talocrural
~Subtalar and transverse tarsal

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42
Q

What type of joint is the tibiofibular joint?

A

Syndesmoses

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43
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

Hinge

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44
Q

What type of joints are the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints?

A

Gliding joints

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45
Q

What are the primary actions of the extensor digitorum longus?

A

~Ankle dorsiflexion

~Extension of the four lesser toes

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46
Q

Origin
~Lateral condyle of the tibia
~Head of the fibula, upper tow-thirds of anterior surface of fibula

Insertion
~Tops of middle and distal phalanges of four lesser toes

A

Extensor digitorum longus

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47
Q

What are the primary actions of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

~Ankle dorsiflexion
~Extension of the great toe
~Weak inversion of the foot

48
Q

Origin
~Middle two-thirds of medial surface of anterior fibula

Insertion
~Top of base of distal phalanx of great toe

A

Extensor hallucis longus

49
Q

What are the primary action of the Tibialis anterior?

A

~Ankle dorsiflexion

~Inversion of the foot

50
Q

Origin
~Upper two-thirds of lateral surface of tibia

Insertion
~Inner surface of medial cuneiform, first metatarsal bones

A

Tibialis anterior

51
Q

What are the primary actions of the gastrocnemius?

A

~Ankle plantar flexion

~Knee flexion

52
Q

Origin
~Posterior surfaces of two condyles of femur

Insertion
~Posterior surface of calcaneus

A

Gastrocnemius

53
Q

What is the primary action of the soleus?

A

Ankle plantar flexion

54
Q

Origin
~Proximal two-thirds of posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula

Insertion
~Posterior surface of calcaneus

A

Soleus

55
Q

What are the primary actions of the tibialis posterior?

A

~Ankle plantar flexion

~Foot inversion

56
Q

Origin
~Posterior surface of upper half of interosseous membrane, adjacent surfaces of tibia and fibula

Insertion
~Lower inner surfaces of navicular and cuneiform bones, bases of second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones

A

Tibialis posterior

57
Q

What are the primary actions of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

~Ankle plantar flexion
~Foot inversion
~Flexion of the four lesser toes

58
Q

Origin
~Middle third of posterior surface of tibia

Insertion
~Base of distal phalanx of each of four lesser toes

A

Flexor digitorum longus

59
Q

What are the primary actions of the flexor hallucis longus?

A

~Flexion of the great toe
~Foot inversion
~Ankle plantar flexion

60
Q

Origin
~Middle two-thirds of oosterior surface of fibula

Insertion
~Base of distal phalanx of large toe, undersurface

A

Flexor hallucis longus

61
Q

What are the primary action of the peroneus brevis?

A

~Foot eversion

~Ankle plantar flexion

62
Q

Origin
~Lower two-thirds of lateral surface of fibula

Insertion
~Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone

A

Peroneus brevis

63
Q

What are the causes for shin splints?

A 
~Overuse early in season
~Sprained tibialis posterior (75%)
~Inflamed tibia bone
~Anterior compartment syndrome (interrupted blood flow)
~Tibial stress fracture
64
Q

What is the diagnosis of shin splints?

A

Pain starts about 2-3 hours after exercise

65
Q

What is the treatment of shin splints?

A

~Rest and ice
~6-8 aspirin
~If it still hurts after one week, see a doctor
~Severe cases are treated effectively with orthotics

66
Q

What is an important fact about shin splints?

A

You should never suffer shin splints with proper arch support protection

67
Q

What is is the most common athletic injury?

A

Sprained ankle

68
Q

What are some important points about sprained ankles?

A

~Almost all ankle sprains are inversion sprains
~There are three grades (1, 2, & 3)
~One and two- ligament sprains

69
Q

What is the diagnosis of a sprained ankle?

A

~Instant onset of pain
~Something may ‘pop’
~Ankle has a period of pain free ‘shock’
~Pain will return about 30 minutes later

70
Q

What is the resting time for each grade of a sprained ankle?

A

~Grade one, 4-5 days
~Grade two, 7-10 days
~Grade three, 2-3 weeks

71
Q

What is important when treating a sprained ankle?

A

Ensure proper external support is accomplished through taping

72
Q

What type of joint is the acetabular-femoral joint?

A

Ball and socket; multiaxial

73
Q

What are the primary actions of the iliopsoas?

A

~Flexion of hip

~External rotation of femur

74
Q

Origin
~Lower borders of the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 1-5 (psoas major and minor)
~Inner surface of the ilium (iliacus)
~Sides of the bodies of the last thoracic (T12), all the lumbar vertebrae (L1-5), intervertebral fibrocartilages, and base of sacrum (psoas major and minor)

Insertion
~Lesser trochanter of femur and shaft just below (iliacus and psoas major)
~Pectineal line and iliopectineal eminence (psoas minor)

A

Iliopsoas

75
Q

What are the primary actions of the sartorius?

A

~Flexion of the hip

~External rotation of the thigh as it flexes the hip and knee

76
Q

Origin
~Anterior superior iliac spine and notch just below the spine of ilium

Insertion
~Anterior medial condyle of tibia

A

Sartorius

77
Q

What are the primary actions of the rectus femoris?

A

~Flexion of the hip

~Extension of the knee

78
Q

Origin
~Anterior inferior iliac spine
~Groove (posterior) above the acetabulum

Insertion
~Superior aspect of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity

A

Rectus femoris

79
Q

What are the primary actions of the pectineus?

A

~Flexion of the hip
~Adduction of the hip
~Internal rotation of the hip

80
Q

Origin
~Space 1 inch wide on front of pubis above crest

Insertion
~Rough line leading from lesser trochanter to linea aspera

A

Pectineus

81
Q

What are the primary actions of the gluteus maximus?

A

~Hip extension

~Hip external rotation

82
Q

Origin
~Posterior one-fourth of the crest of ilium, posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx near the ilium, and fascia of the lumbar area

Insertion
~Oblique ridge on lateral surface of the greater trochanter and iliotibial band of fascia latae

A

Gluteurs maximus

83
Q

What are the primary actions of the semitendinosus?

A

~Hip extension
~Knee flexion
~Internal rotation of the hip
~Internal rotation of the knee

84
Q

What two muscles provide important medial stability to the knee?

A

Semitendinosus & semimembranosus

85
Q

Origin
~Ischial tuberosity

Insertion
~Upper anterior medial surface of tibia

A

Semitendinosus

86
Q

What are the primary actions of the semimembranosus?

A

~Hip extension
~Knee flexion
~Internal rotation of the hip
~Internal rotation of the knee

87
Q

Origin
~Ischial tuberosity

Insertion
~Posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle

A

Semimembranosus

88
Q

What are the primary actions of the biceps femoris?

A

~Hip extension
~Knee flexion
~external rotation of the hip
~External rotation of the knee

89
Q

What muscle provides important lateral stability to the knee joint?

A

Biceps femoris

90
Q

Origin
~Ischial tuberosity
~Lower half of linea aspera, lateral condyloid ridge

Insertion
~Lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula

A

Biceps femoris

91
Q

What is the primary action of the external rotator muscles?

A

External hip rotation

92
Q

What muscles make up the external rotator muscles?

A 
~Piriformis
~Gemellus superior
~Gmellus inferior
~Obturator externus
~Obturator internus
~Quadratus femoris
93
Q

Origin
~Sacrum, posterior portions of ischium and obturator foramen

Insertion
~Greater trochanter and posterior aspect of the greater trochanter

A

External rotator muscles

94
Q

What are the primary actions of the tensor fasciae latae?

A

~Hip abduction

~Hip flexion

95
Q

Origin
~Anterior iliac crest and surface of the ilium just below the crest

Insertion
~One-fourth of the way down the thigh into the iliotibial tract, which in turn inserts onto Gerdy’s tubercle of the anterolateral tibial condyle

A

Tensor fasciae latae

96
Q

What are the primary action of the gluteus medius?

A

~Hip abduction
~Internal rotation
~External rotation

97
Q

Origin
~Lateral surface ilium just below the crest

Insertion
~Posterior and middle surfaces of greater trochanter of the femur

A

Gluteus medius

98
Q

What are the primary action of the gluteus minimus?

A

~Hip abduction

~Internal roation

99
Q

Origin
~Lateral surface of ilium below the origin of the gluteus medius

Insertion
~Anterior surface of greater trochanter of the femur

A

Gluteus minimus

100
Q

What are the primary action of the adductor longus?

A

~Adduction of the hip

~Assists with hip flexion

101
Q

Origin
~Anterior pubis just below its crest

Insertion
~Middle third of the linea aspera

A

Adductor longus

102
Q

What are the primary actions of the adductor brevis?

A

~Adduction of the hip

~External rotation with adduction (soccer kick)

103
Q

Origin
~Front of the inferior pubic ramus just below the origin of the longus

Insertion
~Lower two-thirds of the pectineal line of the femur and the upper half of the medial lip of the linea aspera

A

Adductor brevis

104
Q

What are the primary actions of the adductor magnus?

A

~Adduction of the hip

~External rotation as hip adducts (soccer kick)

105
Q

Origin
~Eduge of entire ramus of the pubis and the ischium and ischial tuberosity

Insertion
~Whole length of linea aspera, inner condyloid ridge and adductor tubercle

A

Adductor magnus

106
Q

What are the primary actions of the gracilis?

A

~Hip adduction
~Weak knee flexion
~Internal rotation of the hip

107
Q

Origin
~Anterior medial edge of descending ramus or pubis

Insertion
~Anterior medial surface of tibia below condyle

A

Gracilis

108
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

Bone marrow ischemia– a deterioration of the cartilage and bone

109
Q

Who’s career eded due to bone marrow ischemia?

A

Bo Jackson

110
Q

What is the cause for hip pointer?

A

A sharp blow to the hip results in tearing tendons at the iliac crest

111
Q

What is the diagnosis for hip pointer?

A

~2-3 hours after injury the hip becomes sore
~A limp develops and it’s difficult to run
~Swelling

112
Q

What is the treatment for hip pointer?

A

Rest and ice (2X daily for 20 mins)

113
Q

What are the causes for a pelvic bone avulsion?

A

~Growing muscles overpower tendinous attachments
~Tendon snaps a bony attachment
~Powerful sprinting with ‘cold’ muscles (overuse)

114
Q

What is an important point about bone avulsions?

A

80% of bone avulsions in young athletes occur at the hip

115
Q

What is the diagnosis of a pelvic bone avulsion?

A

~Discoloration
~Pain with stretching
~X-rays are essential

116
Q

What is the treatment for a pelvic bone avulsion?

A

Rest with crutches for 7-10 day

117
Q

How long is the recovery time for a pelvic bone avulsion?

A

6 weeks to heal completely

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