A&P 2 LAB EXAM 1 FALL 2016 Flashcards

1
Q

List parts of Microscope

A
  • OCCULAR LENS OR EYE PIECE
    REVOLVING NOSE PIECE
    OBJECTIVE LENS
    STAGE CLIPS
    MECHANICAL STAGE
    CONDENSER
    IRIS DIAPHRAGM, LIGHT SOURCE, BODY TUBE OR HEAD
    ARM, COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB, FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB, BASE
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2
Q

MICROSCOPE THE EYE PIECE

A

OCULAR LENS

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3
Q

CONCENTRATES THE LIGHT INTO SPECIMEN

A

CONDENSER

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4
Q

OPENS AND CLOSES TO REGULATE THE LIGHT

A

IRIS DIAPHRAM

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5
Q

MOVES STAGE FORWARD, BACK, LEFT AND RIGHT

A

STAGE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

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6
Q

PLATFORM FOR THE SLIDE

A

STAGE

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7
Q

RHEOSTAT

A

LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL

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8
Q

ROTATES TO CHANGE OBJECTIVE LENSES

A

NOSEPIECE

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9
Q

USED FOR PRECISION FOCUSING

A

THE EYEPIECE

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10
Q

USED TO MOVE THE STAGE UP OR DOWN

A

COURSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

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11
Q

HOLD THE SLIDE IN PLACE ON THE STAGE

A

SLIDE CLIPS

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12
Q

HOW WAS THE LETTER E SEEN AT 4X, 10X, 40X POWER?

A

4X POWER = SMALL
10X POWER = MEDIUM
40X POWER = VERY LARGE

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13
Q

RESOLUTION “RESOLVING POWER? “

A

MICROSCOPE RECOGNIZE OBJECTS THAT ARE CLOSER TOGETHER

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14
Q

WHAT IS THE TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF A COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

A

FORMULA= OCULAR X OBJECTIVE LENS= TOTAL MAGNIFICATION SEE EXMP

4X . 10 = 40X
10X . 10 = 100X
40X . 10 = 400X
100X . 10 = 1000X

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15
Q

LAB ONE LEARNING OUTCOMES

A
  • . USE THE COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE IN A LABORATORYSTTING
    • KNOW AND IDENTIFY DIFFERENT PARTS OF COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
    • KNOW AND HANDLE PROPERLY THE MICROSCOPE IN THE LAB.
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16
Q

PURPOSE OF MICROSCOPE

A

MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR SCIENTIST TO STUDY MICROSCOPY

STRUCTURE THAT ARE TO SMALL TO SEE BY EYESIGHT

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17
Q

LIGHT MICROSCOPE IS ALSO KNOW AS

A

OPTICAL MICROSCOPE

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18
Q

LIGHT MICROSCOPE CAN BE SIMPLE, OR COMPOUND

A

SIMPLE = SINGLE LENS

COMPOUND = LIGHT PASSES THRUGH A SERIES OF LENSES.

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19
Q

PARFOCAL

A

ASK FOR HELP THIS IS PAGE 5

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20
Q

FOCUSING

A

FIND THE SHARPEST AND LARGEST IMAGE TO STUDY

DETAILS OF SPECIMENT

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21
Q

LAB TWO LEARNING OUTCOMES

A

LIST THE FUNCTION OF BLOOD
DESCRIBE THE COMPONENT OF BLOOD AND FUNCTION OF EACH
IDENTIFY THE FORMED ELEMENTS IN A BLOOD SMEAR

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22
Q

FORMED ELEMENTS ARE:

A

ERYTHROCYTES (ADULT MALE 4.5-6.3 MIL)
LEUKOCYTES. (ADULT FEMALE 4.2- 5.5 MIL)
PLATELETS ——- 150,000 – 500,000

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23
Q

WHITE BLOOD CELLS OR LEUKOCYTES ARE

A
BASOPHILS
                    EOSINOPHILS
                    NEUTROPHILS
                    LYMPHOCYTES
                    MONOCYTES
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24
Q

NEUTROPHILS LIST FUNCTIONS

A
  1. PHAGOCYTIC CELLS - EAT PATHOGENS
    AND CELL DEBRI IN INFECTED OR INJURY SITES
  2. DESTROY BACTERIA
  3. LEAVE BLOODSTREAM & ENTERS TISSUE
  4. SECRETE CYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCES
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25
EOSINOPHILS
1. REDUCE INFLAMMATION 2. PHAGOCYTIC CELLS: EAT PATHOGENS AND CELL DEBRIS 3. SECRETE CYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCES 4. INCREASE IN NUMBERS AT PRESENCE OF ALLERGIES, AND PARASITIC INFECTION : 2-3 % IN THE BODY
26
BASOPHILS
* LESS THAN 1% IN BODY * RELEASE HISTAMINE AND OTHER CHEMICALS * PROMOTE IMFLAMMATION IN DAMAGED TISSUE ( watery eyes)
27
MONOCYTES
* 2-8% * LEAVE THE BLOODSTREAM & ENTERS THE TISSUE AS MACROPHAGES * PHAGOCYTIC CELLS-ENGULF PATHOGENS AND CELL DEBRIS
28
LYMPHOCYTES
20-40% * HAVE MEMORY * BECOME PART OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM * . SOME TYPES PRODUCE ANTIBODIES FOR REMOVAL OF VIRUSES & FOREIGN PROTEINS * SOME TYPES ACTIVELY DESTROY PATHOGENS & INFECTED OR DAMAGED CELLS.
29
WHAT IS ON PLASMA?
* 55% OF TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME. Fluid that is 91% water * TRANSPORTS DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES * PROTEINS, SUCH ALBUMIN, AND FIBRINOGEN * Nutrients : glucose, amino acids, and lipids Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, calcium and HCO3 * Hormones, waste products like Urea and bilirubin * gases like Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
30
Sample of blood after centrifuge is separate Into Plasma, Buffy coat layer, and Red Cell layer WHAT IS ON BUFFY LAYER?
LEUKOCYTES, AND PLATELETS
31
WHAT IS ON THE RED CELL LAYER
ERYTHROCYTES
32
ELEMENTS ON WHOLE BLOOD TUBE AFTER CENTRIFUGE IS FORMED ELEMENTS
45% OF TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME | CONSIST OF BUFFY COAT LAYER AND RED CELL LAYER
33
THE DIFFERENT FORMED ELEMENTS, ERYTHROCYTES, LEUKOCYTES, | AND PLATELETS ALL ARE DERIVED FROM A PLURIPOTENTIAL STEM CELL
PLURIPOTENTIAL MYELOID STEM CELL LYMPHOID STEM CELL Reticulocyte . Megakarocyte Neutrophil Basophil PRE-B CELL. Pre T cell In bone marrow. In thymus gland RBC PLATELET EOSINOPHIL MONOCYTE B lymphocyte. T Lymphocyte
34
LABORATORY 3 LEARNING OUTCOMES
* DISTINGUISH THE HEART SOUNDS * MEASURE, & RECORD HEART RATE, PULSE RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE ECG, THE ECG WAVES, INFLUENCE OF POSTURE & EXERCISE ON BLOOD PRESSURE & HEART RATE. * IMPORTANCE OF POSTURE & EXERCISE ON BLOOD PRESSURE & HEART RATE * IMPORTANCE OF HEMODYNAMICS MEASUREMENTS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTION. O
35
THE RESTING PHASE BETWEEN CONTRACTIONS IN THE CARDIAC CYCLE | BEGINS WITH THE SECOND HEARD SOUND.
DIASTOLE
36
THE HEART CHAMBERS FILL WITH BLOOD AND A CONTRACTION PHASE | THE HEART EJECTS BLOOD.
SYSTOLE
37
CARDIAC CYCLE
IS THE ALTERNATION BETWEEN DIASTOLE AND SYSTOLE EACH HEART BEAT LAST ONE CARDIAC CYCLE.
38
PULSE
IS THE SOUND OF BLOOD EJECTED FROM THE HEART MOVING IN THE ARTERIES LAB 3. PAGE 69
39
A PEACE MAKER WHERE IS INSTAL IN THE HEART?
SINOATRIAL NODE (SA NODE)
40
FUNCTION OF THE SINOATRIAL NODE OR PACEMAKER
LOCATED IN THE WALL OF THE RIGHT ATRIUM REGULATES THE RHYTHMIC NATURE OF THE HEARTBEAT. DEPOLARIZATION OF THE SA NODE RESULT IN CONDUCTION OF IMPULSE THROUGH THE REST OF THE HEART.
41
Electrocardiograph
Action potentials of the heart ca be detected as an Electrical current And recorded.
42
The structures of the conduction system and how the wave of stimulation Is conducted throughout the heart muscle.
``` Sinatrial node (SA node) Intermodal pathway Atrioventricular node (AV node) Right bundle branch Purkinje Fibers ``` Left bundle branch Atrioventricular bundle
43
Tracing of the electrical current is called | Electrical signals of Cardiac muscles cells
Electrocardiograph (EKG/ECG)
44
P WAVE
SMALL, UPWARD DEFLECTION REPRESENTS ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION ATRIAL SYSTOLE FOLLOWS P WAVE
45
QRS COMPLEX
Series of three deflections Complex represents ventricular depolarization Atrial repolarization occurs at the same time, but is completely masked by QRS complex Ventricular systole follows QRS complex
46
T - WAVE
Represents ventricular repolarization | Ventricular diastole follows T-wave
47
Persons with type O- blood are often called Universal donors
No antigens are present and blood type O contains both A&B antibodies The plasma of type O will not agglutinate (on donor) On recipient red blood cell of type A,BM AB
48
Why a person with blood type AB is universal recipient?
Because they have type A & B. Anti gents, yet do not have antibodies so no agglutination occur they can receive blood from type O- and no allergic reaction occurs.
49
Transport Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
50
Slide used to count RBCs
Hemocytometer
51
Caused by vitamin B12 deficiency
Pernicious Anemia
52
WBCs
LEUKOCYTES
53
INCREASED IN PERSONS WITH ALLERGIES
BASOPHILS
54
PROCESS THAT PRODUCES FORMED ELEMENTS
HEMATOPOIESIS
55
MOLECULE THAT STIMULATES ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
ANTIGENT
56
CELL THAT FRACTURES TO PRODUCE PLATELETS
MEGAKARYOCYTE
57
USED TO MEASURE HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION
HEMOGLOBINOMETER
58
INCREASED BY A VIRAL INFECTION
NEUTROPHILS
59
LIQUID MATRIX OF BLOOD
PLASMA
60
CLUMPING OF BLOOD CELLS
AGGLUTINATION
61
CONDITION OF HAVING TOO MANY RBCs
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
62
PERCENTAGE OF WHOLE BLOOD THAT IS FORMED ELEMENTS
HEMATOCRIT
63
IRON-CONTAINING PROTEIN IN RBCs
HEMOGLOBIN
64
DECREASED BY RADIATION EXPOSURE
LYMPHOCYTES
65
RESULTS FROM LOSS OF BLOOD PRODUCING BONE MARROW
APLASTIC ANEMIA
66
PLAY A ROLE IN BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS
PLATELETS
67
AN INHERITED CONDITION
SICLE CELL ANEMIA
68
INCREASED IN PARASITIC INFECTION
EOSINOPHILS
69
WHAT KIND OF ANTIGENS (AGGLUTINOGENS) WOULD YOU FIND | ON THE SURFACE OF THE RBCs of a person with blood type Negative
The ANTIGENT is A | AGGLUTINOGENS with B and AB
70
What kind of antigens (AGGLUTINOGENS) would find on the surface of the RBCs of a person with blood type AB positive? And what kind of antibodies would you find in the plasma of such person?
The Antigens A and B and Rh no antibodies
71
What kind of antibodies (AGGLUTINOGENS) would you find in the plasma or a person with blood type O negative and what kind of antigens would you find on the surface of the RBCs of such person?
Antibodies A and B. No antigens no Rh ANTIGENT | Anti-Rh antibodies will be present. No antibodies will be present.
72
What is the significant of the Rh blood group for a pregnant woman? What is the name of the disease associated with this case?
Hemolytic-disease of the newborn (HDN) | Determine whether she may have difficulties with the fetus with a different blood type.
73
CARRIES BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART
ARTERIES
74
CARRY BLOOD TOWARD THE HEART
VEINS
75
LIST SIMILARITIES VEINS AND ARTERIES
``` Lumen Tunica Interna Tunica external Base Membrane Endothelium Both carry blood. Both ends in capillary bed ```
76
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VEINS AND ARTERIES
``` Veins No oxygen Non-elastic walls Thin walls Flow under low pressure Do not carry blood from pulmonary ```
77
LIST OF ARTERIES IN THE UPPER BODY
Superficial Temporal. Pulmonary trunk Internal Carotid Artery. Brachial Artery Facial vein Radial Artery External Carotid. Ulnar Artery Right Subclavian Artery Aortic Arch Auxiliary Artery Right Pulmonary Artery
78
LIST MAJOR VEINS IN THE SUPERIOR PART OF BODY
Internal Jugular Vein Left Brachial Cephalic Vein Superior Vena Cava Left Pulmonary Veins
79
LIST THE ARTERIES & LOCATION IN UPPER ANTERIOR BODY
NAME. LOCATION. FUNCTION Celiac TRUNK S
80
VEINS OF THE INFERIOR BODY
``` Name. Renal Vein. Inferior Vena Cava Left Common iliac Internal iliac External iliac Great Saphenous vein ```
81
A CONTINUATION OF THE AORTIC ARCH
THORACIC AORTA
82
A BRANCH OF THE AORTIC ARCH
BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY
83
CARRY DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TO LUNGS
PULMONARY ARTERIES
84
CARRY BLOOD TOWARD THE HEART
VEINS
85
DRAINS BLOOD FROM THE HEAD
EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
86
CARRIES BLOOD TO FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES
ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
87
COMPOSE OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TUNICA EXTERNAL
88
CARRIES BLOOD AWAY FROM THE KIDNEY
RENAL VEIN
89
SUPPLY BLOOD TO MYOCARDIUM
CORONARY ARTERIES
90
A BRANCH OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA
CELIAC TRUNK
91
DRAINS BLOOD FROM SPINAL CORD AND NECK MUSCLES
VERTEBRAL VEIN
92
CONTAINS SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
TUNICA MEDIA
93
PRESENT IN ARTERIES BUT NOT VEINS
INTERNAL ELASTIC MEMBRANE
94
CARRIES NUTRIENTS FROM DIGESTIVE ORGANS TO LIVER
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
95
PREVENT BACK-FLOW OF BLOOD
VALVES
96
SITE OF EXCHANGE BETWEEN CELLS AND BLOODSTREAM
CAPILLARIES
97
CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD TO LEFT ATRIUM
PULMONARY VEIN
98
CARRIES BLOOD TO THE HEAD
COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
99
CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART
ARTERIES
100
AN ARTERY IN THE ARM
RADIAL ARTERY
101
COMPOSED OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
ENDOTHELIUM
102
DRAINS BLOOD FROM ABDOMEN AND LEGS
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
103
DRAINS BLOOD FROM MEDIAL FOREARM
ULNAR VEIN
104
A VEIN IN THE LEG
POPLITEAL VEIN
105
SUPPLIES BLOOD TO THE COCCYX
MEDIAN SACRAL ARTERY
106
WHAT ARE THE ARTERIES THAT FORM THE CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE?
POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERIES ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERIES POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES
107
WHAT DO YOU CALL A BLOOD VESSEL THAT CARRIES | THE BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART
ARTERIES
108
WHAT DO YOU CALL A BLOOD VESSEL | THAT CARRIES THE BLOOD TOWARD THE HEART?
VEINS | BLOOD IS DEOXYGENATED (NO OXYGEN)
109
WHAT IS THE PULMONARY CIRCUIT (Circulation)?
Pulmonary Arteries deliver deoxygenated blood from Right Ventricle to Lungs PULMONARY CAPILLARIES GAS exchange (O2, CO2) occurs. Pulmonary VEINS deliver OXYGENATED Blood to the LEFT ATRIUM DIFFUSION: across the capillary walls at ALVEOLI removes Carbon Dioxide and provides Oxygen to the blood.
110
WHAT IS THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT (Circulation)?
Carries Oxygenated blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE To Tissues and ORGANS The PULMONARY exchange surfaces and RETURN deoxygenated blood to the Right Atrium
111
STROKE OR BRAIN DAMAGE
Interruption of blood flow to the BRAIN
112
WHAT IS HEMORRHAGE OR TRANS-ISCHEMIC ATTACK
Interruption of blood to the brain for less than 24 hours
113
THE BRANCHES OF THE AORTA THAT SUPPLY THE HEAD AND NECK REGION?
Right common carotid artery Left common carotid artery Right subclavian artery Left subclavian artery
114
The names of the arteries that supply blood to the following organs or regions
Kidneys. Renal arteries Ovaries and Testes. Gonadal arteries Stomach. Common Hepatic arteries Liver. Common Hepatic artery Adrenal Glands. Adrenal arteries Small Intestine. Superior Mesenteric Spinal Cord. Lumbar arteries Knee. Left popliteal Thigh Muscles. Obturator
115
THE NAMES OF THE VEINS THAT DRAIN THE BLOOD | FROM THE FOLLOWING ORGANS OR REGIONS
Kidneys. Renal Vein Ovaries and Testes. Gonadal Vein Stomach. Left Gastric Vein or Coronary Vein Liver. Inferior Vena Cava Adrenal Glands. Adrenal Veins Small Intestine. Superior Mesenteric Spinal Cord. Lumbar Veins Brain. Superficial Temporal Vein Gallbladder. Hepatic & Portal Vei
116
PORTAL SYSTEM
Venous blood from the Stomach and Intestine is collected by the PORTAL VEIN And carried to the SINUSOIDS of the LIVER And thence via HEPATIC Veins to the Inferior Vena cava
117
Where is the Portal Vein
Portal vein is behind the neck of the pancreas , | By union of SUPERIOR MESENTERIC & SPLENIC VEINS
118
DEFINE PULSE. NAME THREE LOCATIONS ON THE BODY
Pulse is the Vibration of each wave of blood going thru the Arteries, as the heart beats. * Radial * common Carotid * Femoral Pulse * Brachial pulse * Pedal Pulse * Femoral pulse
119
What is a heart murmur?
Extra sound outside of the normal "Lub, Dub" sound.
120
Four Factors that can affect blood pressure
Emotional stress Smoking Too much salt on diet (Sodium intake) Alcohol consumption, obesity
121
List and define the components of the Cardia Conduction System.
``` SA node or Peace Maker of the Heart (anatomical name) == starts the sequence in Atrial AV node Bundle of His Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers ```
122
DEFINE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | & HOW IT CAN AFFECT THE ECG/EKG
Flow of Oxygen to section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked can't get oxygen Blood flow not restore quickly. Myocardial Infraction happens due to plaque build up Arteriosclerosis, ECG can show a previous heart attack or one that is in progress The pattern of ECG may indicate which part of your heart has been damaged as well the extend Of damaged.
123
The Heart Contracts is called?
SYSTOLE
124
WHAT IS BLOOD PRESSURE
The force of the blood on the walls of the Arteries
125
REPRESENTS ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION
P WAVE | What event follows this P wave: Atrial systole
126
CONTRACTING PHASE OF CARDIAC CYCLE
SYSTOLE
127
HEART MUSCLE IS QUIVERING
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
128
HEART VALVES FOUND BETWEEN AN ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE
AV VALVES
129
DISTRIBUTES STIMULUS WAVE THROUGHOUT ATRIA
INTERNODAL PATHWAY
130
REPRESENTS VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION
QRS COMPLEX
131
THE LEFT SEMILUNAR VALVE
AORTIC VALVE
132
HEART IS BEATING TO SLOWLY
BRADYCARDIA
133
INSTRUMENT USED TO LISTEN TO BODY SOUNDS
STETHOSCOPE
134
THE RIGHT ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE
TRICUSPID VALVE
135
RHYTHM OF A HEALTHY HEART
NSR
136
RESTING PHASE OF CARDIAC CYCLE
DIASTOLE
137
REPRESENTS VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION
T WAVE | What event follows the T-wave? Ventricular Diastole
138
HEART SOUND MADE WHEN THE SEMILUNAR VALVE IS CLOSE
DUP
139
LASTS FOR ONE CARDIAC CYCLE
HEART BEAT
140
A NETWORK FOUND IN THE VENTRICULAR WALLS
PURKINJE FIBERS
141
HEART SOUND MADE WHEN AV VALVES CLOSE
LUB
142
CARRY STIMULUS TO THE VENTRICLES
BUNDLE BRANCHES
143
THE RIGHT SEMILUNAR VALVE
PULMONARY VALVE
144
LISTENING TO
AUSCULTATION
145
THE PACEMAKER OF THE HEART
SA NODE
146
HEART VALVES BETWEEN VENTRICLES AND GREAT ARTERIES
SEMILUNAR VALVES
147
BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
148
THE LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE
MITRAL VALVE
149
What is Athletic person pulse?
Athletes resting heart rate is below 60 per minute
150
What is normal heart rate for Adult?
Resting heart rate is 60 to 100 per minute