A&P 2 LAB EXAM 1 FALL 2016 Flashcards
List parts of Microscope
- OCCULAR LENS OR EYE PIECE
REVOLVING NOSE PIECE
OBJECTIVE LENS
STAGE CLIPS
MECHANICAL STAGE
CONDENSER
IRIS DIAPHRAGM, LIGHT SOURCE, BODY TUBE OR HEAD
ARM, COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB, FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB, BASE
MICROSCOPE THE EYE PIECE
OCULAR LENS
CONCENTRATES THE LIGHT INTO SPECIMEN
CONDENSER
OPENS AND CLOSES TO REGULATE THE LIGHT
IRIS DIAPHRAM
MOVES STAGE FORWARD, BACK, LEFT AND RIGHT
STAGE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
PLATFORM FOR THE SLIDE
STAGE
RHEOSTAT
LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL
ROTATES TO CHANGE OBJECTIVE LENSES
NOSEPIECE
USED FOR PRECISION FOCUSING
THE EYEPIECE
USED TO MOVE THE STAGE UP OR DOWN
COURSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
HOLD THE SLIDE IN PLACE ON THE STAGE
SLIDE CLIPS
HOW WAS THE LETTER E SEEN AT 4X, 10X, 40X POWER?
4X POWER = SMALL
10X POWER = MEDIUM
40X POWER = VERY LARGE
RESOLUTION “RESOLVING POWER? “
MICROSCOPE RECOGNIZE OBJECTS THAT ARE CLOSER TOGETHER
WHAT IS THE TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF A COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
FORMULA= OCULAR X OBJECTIVE LENS= TOTAL MAGNIFICATION SEE EXMP
4X . 10 = 40X
10X . 10 = 100X
40X . 10 = 400X
100X . 10 = 1000X
LAB ONE LEARNING OUTCOMES
- . USE THE COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE IN A LABORATORYSTTING
- KNOW AND IDENTIFY DIFFERENT PARTS OF COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
- KNOW AND HANDLE PROPERLY THE MICROSCOPE IN THE LAB.
PURPOSE OF MICROSCOPE
MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR SCIENTIST TO STUDY MICROSCOPY
STRUCTURE THAT ARE TO SMALL TO SEE BY EYESIGHT
LIGHT MICROSCOPE IS ALSO KNOW AS
OPTICAL MICROSCOPE
LIGHT MICROSCOPE CAN BE SIMPLE, OR COMPOUND
SIMPLE = SINGLE LENS
COMPOUND = LIGHT PASSES THRUGH A SERIES OF LENSES.
PARFOCAL
ASK FOR HELP THIS IS PAGE 5
FOCUSING
FIND THE SHARPEST AND LARGEST IMAGE TO STUDY
DETAILS OF SPECIMENT
LAB TWO LEARNING OUTCOMES
LIST THE FUNCTION OF BLOOD
DESCRIBE THE COMPONENT OF BLOOD AND FUNCTION OF EACH
IDENTIFY THE FORMED ELEMENTS IN A BLOOD SMEAR
FORMED ELEMENTS ARE:
ERYTHROCYTES (ADULT MALE 4.5-6.3 MIL)
LEUKOCYTES. (ADULT FEMALE 4.2- 5.5 MIL)
PLATELETS ——- 150,000 – 500,000
WHITE BLOOD CELLS OR LEUKOCYTES ARE
BASOPHILS EOSINOPHILS NEUTROPHILS LYMPHOCYTES MONOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS LIST FUNCTIONS
- PHAGOCYTIC CELLS - EAT PATHOGENS
AND CELL DEBRI IN INFECTED OR INJURY SITES - DESTROY BACTERIA
- LEAVE BLOODSTREAM & ENTERS TISSUE
- SECRETE CYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCES
EOSINOPHILS
- REDUCE INFLAMMATION
- PHAGOCYTIC CELLS: EAT PATHOGENS AND CELL DEBRIS
- SECRETE CYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCES
- INCREASE IN NUMBERS AT PRESENCE OF ALLERGIES, AND PARASITIC INFECTION
: 2-3 % IN THE BODY
BASOPHILS
- LESS THAN 1% IN BODY
- RELEASE HISTAMINE AND OTHER CHEMICALS
- PROMOTE IMFLAMMATION IN DAMAGED TISSUE ( watery eyes)
MONOCYTES
- 2-8%
- LEAVE THE BLOODSTREAM & ENTERS THE TISSUE AS MACROPHAGES
- PHAGOCYTIC CELLS-ENGULF PATHOGENS AND CELL DEBRIS
LYMPHOCYTES
20-40%
* HAVE MEMORY * BECOME PART OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM * . SOME TYPES PRODUCE ANTIBODIES FOR REMOVAL OF VIRUSES & FOREIGN PROTEINS * SOME TYPES ACTIVELY DESTROY PATHOGENS & INFECTED OR DAMAGED CELLS.
WHAT IS ON PLASMA?
- 55% OF TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME. Fluid that is 91% water
- TRANSPORTS DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES
- PROTEINS, SUCH ALBUMIN, AND FIBRINOGEN
- Nutrients : glucose, amino acids, and lipids
Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, calcium and HCO3 - Hormones, waste products like Urea and bilirubin
- gases like Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
Sample of blood after centrifuge is separate
Into Plasma, Buffy coat layer, and Red Cell layer
WHAT IS ON BUFFY LAYER?
LEUKOCYTES, AND PLATELETS
WHAT IS ON THE RED CELL LAYER
ERYTHROCYTES
ELEMENTS ON WHOLE BLOOD TUBE AFTER CENTRIFUGE IS FORMED ELEMENTS
45% OF TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME
CONSIST OF BUFFY COAT LAYER AND RED CELL LAYER
THE DIFFERENT FORMED ELEMENTS, ERYTHROCYTES, LEUKOCYTES,
AND PLATELETS ALL ARE DERIVED FROM A PLURIPOTENTIAL STEM CELL
PLURIPOTENTIAL
MYELOID STEM CELL LYMPHOID STEM CELL
Reticulocyte . Megakarocyte Neutrophil Basophil PRE-B CELL. Pre T cell
In bone marrow. In thymus gland
RBC PLATELET EOSINOPHIL MONOCYTE
B lymphocyte. T Lymphocyte
LABORATORY 3 LEARNING OUTCOMES
- DISTINGUISH THE HEART SOUNDS
* MEASURE, & RECORD HEART RATE, PULSE RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE
ECG, THE ECG WAVES, INFLUENCE OF POSTURE & EXERCISE
ON BLOOD PRESSURE & HEART RATE.- IMPORTANCE OF POSTURE & EXERCISE ON BLOOD PRESSURE & HEART RATE
- IMPORTANCE OF HEMODYNAMICS MEASUREMENTS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTION.
O
THE RESTING PHASE BETWEEN CONTRACTIONS IN THE CARDIAC CYCLE
BEGINS WITH THE SECOND HEARD SOUND.
DIASTOLE
THE HEART CHAMBERS FILL WITH BLOOD AND A CONTRACTION PHASE
THE HEART EJECTS BLOOD.
SYSTOLE
CARDIAC CYCLE
IS THE ALTERNATION BETWEEN DIASTOLE AND SYSTOLE
EACH HEART BEAT LAST ONE CARDIAC CYCLE.
PULSE
IS THE SOUND OF BLOOD EJECTED FROM THE HEART MOVING IN THE ARTERIES
LAB 3. PAGE 69
A PEACE MAKER WHERE IS INSTAL IN THE HEART?
SINOATRIAL NODE (SA NODE)
FUNCTION OF THE SINOATRIAL NODE OR PACEMAKER
LOCATED IN THE WALL OF THE RIGHT ATRIUM
REGULATES THE RHYTHMIC NATURE OF THE HEARTBEAT.
DEPOLARIZATION OF THE SA NODE RESULT IN CONDUCTION OF IMPULSE
THROUGH THE REST OF THE HEART.
Electrocardiograph
Action potentials of the heart ca be detected as an Electrical current
And recorded.
The structures of the conduction system and how the wave of stimulation
Is conducted throughout the heart muscle.
Sinatrial node (SA node) Intermodal pathway Atrioventricular node (AV node) Right bundle branch Purkinje Fibers
Left bundle branch
Atrioventricular bundle
Tracing of the electrical current is called
Electrical signals of Cardiac muscles cells
Electrocardiograph (EKG/ECG)
P WAVE
SMALL, UPWARD DEFLECTION
REPRESENTS ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION
ATRIAL SYSTOLE FOLLOWS P WAVE
QRS COMPLEX
Series of three deflections
Complex represents ventricular depolarization
Atrial repolarization occurs at the same time, but is completely masked by QRS complex
Ventricular systole follows QRS complex
T - WAVE
Represents ventricular repolarization
Ventricular diastole follows T-wave
Persons with type O- blood are often called Universal donors
No antigens are present and blood type O contains both A&B antibodies
The plasma of type O will not agglutinate (on donor)
On recipient red blood cell of type A,BM AB
Why a person with blood type AB is universal recipient?
Because they have type A & B. Anti gents, yet do not have antibodies so no agglutination occur they can receive blood from type O- and no allergic reaction occurs.
Transport Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
Slide used to count RBCs
Hemocytometer
Caused by vitamin B12 deficiency
Pernicious Anemia
WBCs
LEUKOCYTES
INCREASED IN PERSONS WITH ALLERGIES
BASOPHILS
PROCESS THAT PRODUCES FORMED ELEMENTS
HEMATOPOIESIS
MOLECULE THAT STIMULATES ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
ANTIGENT
CELL THAT FRACTURES TO PRODUCE PLATELETS
MEGAKARYOCYTE
USED TO MEASURE HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION
HEMOGLOBINOMETER
INCREASED BY A VIRAL INFECTION
NEUTROPHILS
LIQUID MATRIX OF BLOOD
PLASMA
CLUMPING OF BLOOD CELLS
AGGLUTINATION