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sputum bowl > a&p 2 > Flashcards

a&p 2 Flashcards

1
Q

carbon monoxide shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in what direction

A

left

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2
Q

what rib is adjacent to the sternal

A

2nd

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3
Q

list 5 accessory muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pect major/minor, trapezius, serratus anterior/posterior, sacrospinalis

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4
Q

the lung bud differentiates into discernible structures by the ____ week of gestation

A

4th

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5
Q

in a healthy person is the pleural pressure more or less negative at the apices in a sitting position compared to the bases

A

more negative at the apices

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6
Q

what is a patients pulse pressure if his blood pressure is 140/100 mmhg

A

40 torr

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7
Q

define the interstitial space

A

potential space b/w the basement membranes of the alveolus epithelium and capillary epithelium

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8
Q

what is the pressure gradient b/w the mouth and the alveolus during normal tidal breathing in cmh2o

A

-3 - -5 cm h2o

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9
Q

what makes lung volumes change

A

synchronized stretching and contracting of all alveoli

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10
Q

in the lung what are the 3 vagal sensory receptors

A

irritant receptors, bronchopulmonary stretch receptors, t receptors

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11
Q

what are the 2 pathways that are largely responsible for collateral movement of air throughout the lung

A

pores of kohn and channels of lambert

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12
Q

what is the normal ratio of ciliated cells to goblet cells in the tracheobronchial epithelium

A

5:1

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13
Q

what measurable pressure provides a close approximation of pleural pressures

A

esophageal pressures

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14
Q

if isotropic alveolar enlargement or stretching is the primary mode of lung volume change, then alveolar surface area will change to what power of the lung volume

A

2/3

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15
Q

define paradoxical pulse

A

when the systolic blood pressure during expiration is 10mmhg or more than during inspiration

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16
Q

the diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve arising from the spinal cord roots of c what

A

c3,4,5

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17
Q

surfactant prevents alveolar collapse by

A

reducing surface tension as alveolar volume falls

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18
Q

T/F the bronchial circulation originates almost exclusively from the pulmonary artery

A

false aorta

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19
Q

T/F the removal of surfactant normally from the lungs is accomplished by phagocytic activity

A

false removal is unclear

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20
Q

pulmonary artery branches that do not accompany airways are called what

A

supernumerary arteries

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21
Q

list 4 accessory muscles of expiration

A

latissimus dorsi, internal intercostal, rectus abdominis, internal/external oblique, transverse abdominis

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22
Q

what does the terminal respiratory unit consist of

A

the respiratory bronchioles and its divisions

23
Q

what is an average pulmonary artery pressure

A

25/8

24
Q

according to farzan what is the speed of mucus

A

10-20 mm/min

25
Q

name 4 of the 7 functions of the circulatory system

A

respiration, nutrition, metabolism, chemical homeostasis, movement of cells and coagulation factors, exertion, heat transport

26
Q

the volume of the conductive zone of the lungs comprises what

A

the anatomic deadspace

27
Q

according to burton what is the rate at which the mucous blanket is propelled by the cilia toward the pharynx

A

1000 strokes per minute

28
Q

state which of the following is the most diffusible across the blood brain barrier: hco3, h+, co2

A

co2

29
Q

idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is also known as

A

cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis

30
Q

which pathogen is mostly attributed to cause bronciolitis

A

RSV

31
Q

the most important gram negative coccobacilli responsible for respiratory infections is

A

haemophilus influenzae

32
Q

what is hematocrit

A

the volume percentage of rbc’s in the whole blood

33
Q

in normal lung approx. how much pressure is required to achieve a tidal volume of 500 ml

A

3.0 cmh2o

34
Q

in the normal adult what is the weight in grams of the right lung

A

600 grams

35
Q

what is absolute hemoglobin deficiendy

A

it is anemia, with a quantitative lack of circulating hemoglobin, seriously impairing the o2 carrying capacity of blood

36
Q

what is the other name for mucoviscidosis

A

cystic fibrosis

37
Q

what type of disease is chronic bronchitis; obstructive or restrictive

A

obstructive

38
Q

what pulmonary disease state is associated with an excess of surfactant

A

pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

39
Q

the tunica intima of arterioles is extensively innervated by postsynaptic nerve fibers of which division of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic

40
Q

an individuals total blood volume is equal to about ______ ml per kg of body weight

A

70-72 ml/kg

41
Q

which blood vessels consist of only one layer the tunica intima

A

capillaries

42
Q

what factor do u multiply times the pco2 to determine carbonic acid

A

0.03

43
Q

what are the 2 vascular systems that delivers blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary circulation and bronchial circulation

44
Q

what name is given to receptors found at parasympathetic effector sites

A

muscarinic receptors

45
Q

what do the distal respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli make up

A

terminal respiratory units

46
Q

what are alternate channels for gas movement to distal respiratory units

A

canal of lambert

47
Q

how many ml of o2 is physically dissolved in every 100 ml of blood

A

0.003 ml

48
Q

a cluster of 3-5 terminal bronchioles each with its appended terminal respiratory unit is called what

A

a lobule

49
Q

in what unit is resistance measured

A

cm h2o per liter per second

50
Q

what is the pathway for collateral ventilation b/w contiguous lobules called

A

canals of lambert

51
Q

what does the terminal respiratory unit consist of

A

respiratory bronchiole and its divisions

52
Q

cyanide poisoning results in what type of hypoxia

A

histotoxic hypoxia

53
Q

the oblique fissure isolates which lobes

A

the right lower lobe from the right middle and right upper lobes

54
Q

what is the advantage of the steep portion of the o2 hb curve

A

unloading o2 with small drop in pao2

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