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A & P > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

0
Q

The only types of cells found within cartilage are

A

chondrocytes

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1
Q

Infection can be caused after skin is burned because

A

the intercellular connections between epithelial cells have been damaged, allowing access below the epithelial tissue

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2
Q

What is not a major type of cartilage?

A

perichondrium

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3
Q

What makes intestinal epithelial tissue unique?

A

Its cells are tall and contain microvilli

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4
Q

In negative feedback

A

a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation

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5
Q

The anatomical position is

A

standing with hands supinated

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6
Q

From superior to inferior, the abdominopelvic regions are

A

epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric

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7
Q

Which layer of the skin contains most of the body’s blood vessels?

A

Dermis

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8
Q

Which of these vitamins is absorbed through the skin is vital to bone growth?

A

Vitamin D

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9
Q

Which gland produces an oily secretion that prevents the growth of bacteria on the hair and skin?

A

Sebaceous gland

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10
Q

The nail body is made of _________ cells.

A

keratin

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11
Q

Which of these is NOT a function of the skin?

A

Elasticity

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12
Q

When the body experiences stress, the blood vessels _________ to provide blood to the vital organs.

A

constrict

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13
Q

The sternocleidomastoid extends from the ________ to the ________.

A

lower region of the skull- clavicle

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14
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is:

A

non-striated, involuntary, single-nucleated

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15
Q

The _______ are made of thick and thin filaments which contract causing muscle movement.

A

myofibril

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16
Q

True or false:

Cardiac muscle can be found in both the heart and lungs.

A

False

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17
Q

How long does it take to reach the maximum contraction phase?

A

15 msec

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18
Q

A build-up of lactic acid can change the pH within muscles causing _________.

A

muscle fatigue

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19
Q

List 4 out of the 5 functions of skeletal muscle.

A
  1. produce movement of skeleton
  2. maintain body position
  3. support soft tissue
  4. guard entrances and exits
  5. maintain temperature
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20
Q

What are the 2 major minerals that are stored in bone and released into the bloodstream when levels are low?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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21
Q

Which of the 4 categories of bone manufacture the majority of the red blood cells?

A

long bones

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22
Q

What is the difference between an epiphyseal plate and and epiphyseal line?

A

Epiphyseal plate is cartilaginous and grows in length. It becomes the epiphyseal line when it is replaced by bone after puberty and ceases to grow.

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23
Q

What is the difference between yellow marrow and red marrow?

A

Red marrow contains blood-forming cells, whereas yellow marrow is composed mostly of adipose tissue.

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24
Q

What is compact bone and where do you find it?

A

Solid bone matrix and cells found on the diaphysis of long bones and the thinner surfaces of all other bones.

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25
Q

What is spongy bone and where is it found?

A

cancellous bone with marrow-filled spaces found in the epiphyses of long bones and the interior of all other bones.

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26
Q

What are the 3 different types of vertebrae and how many of each is there?

A
  1. Cervical-7
  2. Thoracic-12
  3. Lumbar-5
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27
Q

What is the main difference between children’s bones and adults’ bones?

A

Children’s bones are more pliable and take more force to break than adults’ bones.

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28
Q

What is the PRIMARY function of the digestive system?

A

break down complex molecules into simpler molecules

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29
Q

The digestive system is divided into 2 divisions, the alimentary tube and __________.

A

accessory organs

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30
Q

A complete set of permanent teeth consists of ____ teeth.

A

32

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31
Q

What enzyme is secreted by the salivary glands?

A

amylase

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32
Q

This is the wave-like contractions to propel food down the esophagus.

A

peristalsis

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33
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the __________.

A

cardiac sphincter

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34
Q

The liver is primarily located in the ________________.

A

Right upper quadrant

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35
Q

The pH of gastric juice in the stomach is _______.

A

1-2

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36
Q

This organ is the primary source of absorption of products in the digestive system.

A

small intestine

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37
Q

How much fluid is in the amniotic sac at full term?

A

400 mL

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38
Q

Where do ectopic pregnancies form?

A

abdomen, Fallopian tubes, cervix

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39
Q

What hormone is produced during orgasm in both men and women?

A

Oxytocin

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40
Q

What is couvade?

A

A condition in which male exhibits pregnancy-like symptoms while partner is pregnant

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41
Q

What hormone triggers puberty?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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42
Q

Which chromosome combination is true?

A

female = XX

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43
Q

What changes in blood volume occur during pregnancy?

A

increases by 50%

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44
Q

What position should you place a pregnant woman who has sustained significant trauma?

A

On back board, tilted slightly towards the left

45
Q

What are the 4 processes that allow body heat to change with the environment?

A

Radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

46
Q

What are the main organs in the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

47
Q

What happens to the urinary system if the body does not have enough water?

A

you get thirsty, it causes dehydration, it causes an imbalance in electrolytes

48
Q

True or false:

Your body is in acid-base balance the creation of hydrogen ions is balanced from the loss of fluid?

A

True

49
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

Removes waste products, regulate electrolytes, and regulate acid-base balance

50
Q

What are the main hormones that regulate kidney functions?

A

Angiotensin II, ADH, aldosterone, and ANP

51
Q

What can cause a kidney stone?

A

When H2O, salt, and minerals become imbalanced, dehydration, genetics

52
Q

What does the urine production involve?

A

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

53
Q

How can you improve your metabolism function?

A

exercise, balanced diet, get enough sleep

54
Q

Hormones alter cellular operations by changing the __________.

A

Identities, activities, locations and quantities

55
Q

A freely circulating hormone remains functional for __________.

A

less than one hour

56
Q

The pituitary gland secretes how many hormones?

A

9

57
Q

A _______ is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.

A

goiter

58
Q

Melatonin is secreted by the _______ gland.

A

pineal

59
Q

Which of the following is NOT a neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Ganglia

60
Q

The function of the thalamus is to?

A

process sensory information and regulate motor functions

61
Q

The adult brain contains how many regions?

A

6

62
Q

What is the most common type of neuron in the CNS?

A

multipolar neuron

63
Q

All of the following are neurotransmitters except __________.

A

Diencephalon

64
Q

Which of these is NOT a function of the limbic system?

A

processing reactions to outside stimuli

65
Q

The pineal gland is located in which part of the brain?

A

the epithalamus

66
Q

Processing of arriving sensations occurs mainly within the ___________.

A

Spinal column/brainstem

67
Q

Functions of the parasympathetic division DO NOT include ___________.

A

long term memory retention

68
Q

Anatomical changes in the brain that are related to aging include all but ___________.

A

increased long term memory retention

69
Q

What is the term for the area with the highest concentration of cones found in the center of the macula lutea?

A

fovea

70
Q

True or false:

The term hyphema refers to the presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye.

A

True

71
Q

What is the term for the slender sensory receptor contained in each taste bud?

A

gustatory cells

72
Q

What are the 3 tiny bones in the middle ear, which are collectively called auditory ossicles?

A

malleus, incus, stapes

73
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A

vision, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium

74
Q

Antigens located on which type of cell determine blood type?

A

Red blood cell

75
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A

Blood is slightly acidic in nature

76
Q

Where is the primary production site for RBCs?

A

bone marrow

77
Q

What is the correct order of the phases of hemostasis?

A

vascular, platelet, coagulation

78
Q

What substance makes up the largest percentage of whole body by volume?

A

Plasma

79
Q

Which of the following statements about inflammation is not correct?

A

mast cells release histamine and adrenaline

80
Q

_______ is a larger, more permeable type of capillary found in some organs to permit larger substances such as proteins.

A

A sinusoid

81
Q

What is anastomoses?

A

A connection between the vessels

82
Q

Phlebitis is ____________.

A

inflammation of a vein

83
Q

What is the largest artery in the body?

A

the aorta

84
Q

Blood alcohol level is rising faster than the liver can detoxify it, is also known as ____________.

A

alcohol intoxication

85
Q

What is the percentage of lymphocytes are considered “natural killer” cells found in the blood and red bone marrow?

A

10%

86
Q

What part of the heart has the thickest outer wall?

A

left ventricle

87
Q

How many valves are within the heart?

A

4

88
Q

The valves of the heart are in a __________ shape to prevent backflow.

A

semilunar

89
Q

Which of the following is NOT a cardiac disease?

A

chronic atrioventricular disease

90
Q

The vessels that carry oxygenated blood back to the heart and left atrium are ____________.

A

pulmonary veins

91
Q

Angioneurotic edema caused by allergic reactions causes swelling in the ______ and _____.

A

face, lip

92
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

93
Q

Where does oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion occur?

A

alveoli

94
Q

True or false:

Respiratory acidosis occurs when the rate of respiration increases and CO2 is very rapidly exhaled.

A

False

95
Q

Name the term that describes the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in a single respiratory cycle.

A

Tidal volume

96
Q

Name the structure that prevents liquids and food from entering into the respiratory passageway during swallowing.

A

epiglottis

97
Q

What party of the body contains the largest collection of lymphoid tissue?

A

spleen

98
Q

How many tonsils does the average person have?

A

5

99
Q

Name the 11 organ systems.

A

reproductive, skeletal, integumentary, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, urinary, digestive, muscular, endocrine, nervous

100
Q

Define homeostasis and give an example.

A

Homeostasis:
The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes; ie sweating/shivering

101
Q

Name the different muscle kinds and state the differences between them.

A

cardiac: striated, involuntary, multinucleated, automatistic
smooth: non-striated, involuntary, single-nucleated
skeletal: striated, voluntary, multinucleated

102
Q

What is the integumentary system and what are its functions?

A

the skin and its associated structures

  1. protection of underlying tissues and organs
  2. temperature regulation
  3. processing and storage of nutrients
  4. sensory reception
  5. excretion and secretion
103
Q

Functions of the skeleton and its subdivisions:

A
  1. provides the major support for the body
  2. protects internal organs
  3. joints allow for movement between bones
  4. storage and release of minerals
  5. bone marrow produces blood cells and platelets
    * axial skeleton: skull, vertebrae, ribs
    * appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles that attach them to axial skeleton
104
Q

Divisions of nervous system and functions:

A

Parasympathetic: rest and digest; digestion, constriction of pupils, constriction of respiratory passageways, decreased HR/BP
Sympathetic: fight or flight; shunt bloodflow to core and skeletal muscles, halt digestion, pupil dilation, sweat, increased HR/BP

105
Q

Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands:

A

Endocrine: no ducts, release hormones into tissue fluids usually blood, usually rich blood supply, intracellular effects
Exocrine: ducts carry secretion to body surface or to other organ cavities, extracellular effects(food digestion)

106
Q

Functions of blood:

A
  1. transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste
  2. regulate pH
  3. restrict fluid loss at injury sites
  4. defend against pathogens/toxins
  5. stabilization of body temperature
107
Q

How lymph is formed and what it does:

A

formed by the filtration of interstitial fluid via hydrostatic pressure into lymph capillaries. It flows through lymph nodes and nodules and is filtered in the process of pathogens

108
Q

What is immunity?

A

an organism’s ability to resist a specific toxin or infection by the production of antibodies or sensitized WBCs

109
Q

Accessory digestive organs and their function:

A
  1. teeth: increase surface area of ingested material
  2. tongue: increase surface area of ingested material, propel food to pharynx
  3. salivary glands: secrete amylase to break down carbs
  4. liver: produces bile to break down fats
  5. gall bladder: stores and secretes bile
  6. pancreas: pancreatic juice neutralizes acid, digest carbs, fats, protein, and nucleic acids

A & P (4 decks)

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