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*MBLEX* > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of organization

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism.

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2
Q

Internal stability or balance

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

Physiologic effect

A

Specific, objective, & quantifiable changes to tissues, organs, or systems created by a particular manual therapy form or technique.

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4
Q

Structural effects (mechanical effects)

A

Physical changes that occur in the muscle and connective tissues of the body, such as stretching, loosening, or broadening.

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5
Q

Systemic effects (reflexive effects)

A

Regional or body-wide responses mediated by cellular, circulatory, endocrine, and/or nervous system processes.
-decreased pain
-edema reduction (swelling)
-improved local fluid movement

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6
Q

Integumentary system functions

A

•Regulates body temp
•Protects from infections and harmful substances
•Waste excretion
•Vitamin D production
•Sensation

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7
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

-Blood cell production
-Allows movement
-Provides structure
-Stores minerals
-Protects organs

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8
Q

Muscular system functions

A

-Contraction
-Maintains posture
-Creates movement
-Generates heat

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9
Q

Cardiovascular system functions

A

-Carries oxygen and nutrients
-Transports wastes
-Promotes immune responses
-Pumps blood throughout the body

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10
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A

-Aids in healing and resisting disease
-Helps maintain fluid balance

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11
Q

Nervous system functions

A

-Bodys control center
-Communicates body system info
-Coordinates body responses

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12
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

-Glands and hormones
-Growth and development
-Reproduction
-Homeostasis
-Energy levels

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13
Q

Respiratory system functions

A

-Allows vocalization
-Regulates the exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide

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14
Q

Digestive system functions

A

-Eliminates solid wastes
-Breaks down food into nutrients

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15
Q

Urinary system functions

A

-Produces, stores, eliminates urine
-Help maintain fluid
-Filters the blood

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16
Q

Reproductive system functions

A

Regulates and controls reproductive processes

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17
Q

Common elements in the human body

A

-Primary
Hydrogen H, nitrogen N, oxygen O, carbon C
-Secondary
Phosphorus P
Sodium Na
Calcium Ça
Potassium K
Chlorine Cl
Magnesium Mg
Iron Fe
Sulfur S

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18
Q

These organic substances make up all cells and tissues in the body

A

Carbs-Type of sugar that gives energy
Lipids- Energy source or fat storage
Proteins- Building blocks for all cells and tissues
Nucleic acid- DNA & RNA

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19
Q

Types of tissue

A

Epithelial- Forms most glands, the digestive & respiratory tract, and the epidermis.
Muscle- Creates muscles
Nervous- Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Connective

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20
Q

Contents of the upper right quadrant

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, left kidney, small intestine, large intestine.

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21
Q

Contents of the upper left quadrant

A

Stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney, small intestine, large intestine

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22
Q

Contents of the lower right and lower left quadrants

A

Small intestine, large intestine, uterus, ovary, and urinary bladder.

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23
Q

Contents of the lower left quadrant

A

Small intestine, colon, left ovary

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24
Q

4 major body cavities

A

Dorsal cavity -
Cranial (brain)
Spinal (spinal cord)

Ventral cavity-
Thoracic (lungs and heart)
Abdominopelvic (Divided into quadrants)

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25
Q

What are cells responsible for?

A

Performing all essential life functions from synthesizing nutrients to destroying pathogens and debris.

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26
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division

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27
Q

Organelle

A

Helps regulate cell function

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28
Q

Nucleus

A

Regulates overall function

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29
Q

Mitochondria

A

Responsible for producing ATP (Provides energy to the body.)

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30
Q

Any living thing that functions as a whole.

A

Organism

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31
Q

This level of organization includes atoms and molecules, the microscopic particles that are the building blocks of all living matter.

A

Chemical

32
Q

Level of organization- The smallest unit of life capable of existing on its own is the

A

Cellular

33
Q

Level of organization- A group of similar cells that work together to carry out one or more specific functions.

A

Tissue

34
Q

Level of organization- A well-defined and organized group of tissues working together

A

Organ

35
Q

Level of organization- A group of interrelated and interdependent organs that work together to accomplish a specific function or set of functions.

A

System

36
Q

Homeostasis process

A

Stimulus- Change in environment disrupts homeostasis

Receptor- Senses stimuli

Integration center- Nervous system or endocrine gland receives input from receptor

Effector- Responds

37
Q

A vertical plane that divides the body or a body part into right and left

A

Sagittal

38
Q

A vertical plane that divides the body or a body part into front and back

A

Frontal (coronal)

39
Q

A horizontal plane that divides the body or a body part into top and bottom

A

Transverse (horizontal)

40
Q

Body regions (anterior)

A

Frontal
Orbital
Brachial
Antecubital
Carpal
Inguinal
Crural
Tarsal
Sternal
Antebrachial
Femoral
Pedal

41
Q

Body regions (lateral)

A

Otic
Acromial
Cubital
Coxal
Manual
Fibular

42
Q

Body regions (posterior)

A

Occipital
Cervical
Olecranal
Lumbar
Sacral
Volar
Popliteal
Sural

43
Q

What are inorganic compounds and what are the body’s most common and important within the body’s cells and tissues?

A

Water, salts, acids, and bases

44
Q

Describe water

A

H20

represents about 60% of overall body weight and is vital to all physiologic processes. essential compound for the transportation of nutrients, wastes, and other byproducts formed during the millions of chemical reactions that take place throughout the body. key byproducts transported by water is heat generated through muscle contraction and other cellular activities.

45
Q

Inorganic salts

A

Compounds that break apart in water to release either positively or negatively charged atoms or molecules called ions.

46
Q

Electrolyte description

A

Ions in water, conducting an electrical current.

47
Q

Acid and base description

A

Acid- compounds that release hydrogen ions (H*) when dissolved in water
Base- Compounds that release the hydroxide ion (OH-) in water

48
Q

Organic compound description

A

Organic compounds are those that always contain carbon molecules. Structural building blocks of our cells.
Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acid

49
Q

Carbohydrate description

A

Includes starches and complex sugars that break down into glucose, which is used by the body to produce energy

50
Q

Lipid description

A

Lipids may be stored as fat to insulate and protect the body or to serve as a future energy source.

51
Q

Protein description

A

Structural building blocks for all cells and tissues.

52
Q

Nucleic acid description

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid- DNA
Blueprint- Tells your body how to grow, repair itself, and function.

Ribonucleic acid- RNA
Reads the instructions in DNA and helps make proteins

53
Q

Three primary structural features

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

54
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Defines and encloses each cell

Regulates substances entering and leaving the cell. Primarily made up of lipids, including cholesterol, glycolipids, and phospholipids.

55
Q

Microvilli & cilia

A

Microvilli- hair-like projections that increase the surface area of the membrane in order to increase the cell’s absorptive ability.

Cilia- the other type of plasma membrane extension. They wave in a coordinated fashion to move or brush substances from one area to another

56
Q

integral membrane proteins (IMPs)

A

Allow the cell to read and respond to its environment.

•Receptor proteins
Monitor the internal and external environments of the cell to keep it informed about what is happening in and around it.

•Effector proteins
Direct the responses of the cell using information provided by the receptor proteins.

57
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, with two primary components:

Cytosol- gel-like medium that is 75% to 90% water with variable amounts of organic compounds

Organelles- carry out the physiologic processes that sustain life for the cell,

58
Q

Name the organelles (6)

A

•Mitochondria- cell powerhouse, produces ATP

•Endoplasmic reticulum- Pathway for substances to move throughout cell

•Golgi apparatus- Modify and package proteins & lipids for export from cell

•Lysosomes- Destroy/ break down molecules in the body

•Centrosome- Cell division and producing/ organizing the cytoskeleton

•Cytoskeleton- provides shape, strength, and mobility to cells

59
Q

Two mechanisms for moving substances in and out of the cells and tissues

A

Passive transport, no energy is expended, and substances move according to a concentration or pressure gradient. (diffusion, filtration, and facilitated diffusion)

Active transport- require energy (breaking down ATP) must be used when molecules need to be moved against the concentration or pressure gradient (Phagocytosis, ion pumps, and exocytosis)

60
Q

Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism

A

Metabolism- all chemical processes that happen in the cells to sustain life.

Anabolism- when the body uses molecules as building blocks to repair and build new tissue, or to store nutrients for use at a later time.

Catabolism- any chemical process the body uses to break down nutrients or molecules.

61
Q

Tissue types (4)

A

Epithelial- Internal lining and external covering of the body.

Muscle- contract or shorten to generate force for movement of body parts, fluids, and other substances. (skeletal, cardiac, and visceral)

Nervous- Found in brain, spinal cord, or nerves. Conductile (neurons- impulses) or nonconductile (neuroglia-support/protect neurons)

Connective- Most abundant. Connects, binds, supports, and protects the structures of the body. 5 basic types: liquid, loose, fibrous, cartilage, and bone

62
Q

Body membranes (4)

A

Mucous- Epithelial/ line cavities open to the external environment/ mucus

Serous- Epithelial/ form the parietal layer (lines the cavity) and the visceral layer (covers the organs)/ serous fluid reduces friction b/n layers allowing smooth expansion, contraction, and movement of organs within the cavity.

Synovial- Connective/ Lining of joints/ synovial fluid (reduces friction and wear to the bone ends during joint movement.)

Cutaneous- the body’s outer covering and the primary organ of the integumentary system.

63
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis- most superficial layer/ continually renews and replaces itself (keratinocytes, melanocytes)

Dermis- middle/thickest layer (blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and
accessory organs)

Hypodermis- deepest layer

64
Q

What consists of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Arms
Legs
Scapula
Clavicle
Pelvic bones

65
Q

What consists of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull
Spine
Rib cage

66
Q

Four types of bone cells

A

osteoblasts- build up bone

osteoclasts- break down bone

osteocytes- carry out the nutrient-waste exchange to keep bones alive

osteogenic cells- only bone cells capable of mitosis (developing into osteoblasts)

67
Q

Types of bone tissue

A

Compact (dense or cortical)
Spongy (cancellous)

68
Q

Classifications of bones

A

Flat- sternum, scapula, and bones in the skull and pelvic girdle

Long- The majority of appendicular bones are long bones.

Short- Carpals and tarsals are short or cuboid.

Irregular- vertebrae, some facial bones, and the sesamoid bones, such as the patella.

69
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle, sternum

70
Q

Cervical and lumbar regions of the spine have a concave appearance or anterior curve called

A

Lordotic curve

71
Q

The thoracic and sacral regions curve posteriorly to give them a convex appearance called

A

Kyphotic curve

72
Q

Joint classifications

A

Fibrous- synarthrotic (immovable)

Cartilaginous- amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)

Synovial- diarthrotic ( freely movable)

73
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

Hinge
Condyloid
Pivot
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
Gliding

74
Q

Skeletal muscles are characterized as being…

A

Excitable
Extensible
Elastic
Contractile

75
Q

Fascial layers of muscles and their function

A

Epimysium- surrounds the muscle as a whole

Perimysium- wraps several muscle fibers together into individual fascicles

Endomysium- envelops each individual muscle cell.

76
Q

Where does muscle contraction occur?

A

Within the sarcomeres of a myofibril

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