A&P Flashcards
How many thorax vertebrae are there?
12
What two types of neurons are multipolar?
Interneurons
Motor Neurons
Nerves that synapse in a distal collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column or close to the effector organ are typically ____________?
Parasympathetic
Volume of the cranium?
1200–1500ml
Why is the gray matter enlarged in C3–C5 and L3–L5?
To accommodate for brachial plexus and sacral.
True or false: Ach is the preganglionic for the SNS and the PSNS
TRUE
Broca’s is for ___________.
Wernicke’s is for _________.
Broca= speech production. Wenicke's = Understand speech
Aside from the arachniod villi, _______ channels absorb CSF.
Lymphatic
For a brief time during depolarization, the inside of the membrane potential becomes how high?
30
CBF is greatly increase when PaO2 is less than __________.
50
True or False: Epidural catheters are threaded into the subdural space.
FALSE
Pain fibers travel through the dorsal roots and synapse with ________ order neurons in the ____matter of the spinal cord
2nd
gray
The area just in front of the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)?
Somatic Motor Association Area (premotor cortex)
What are internuncial neurons?
Interneurons
When MAP/CPP increase above autoregulation threshold, what happens to cerebral vasculature
Vasoconstriction (to try to decrease CBF)
The globus pallidus, putamen and caudate make up the corpus striata. These are within what part of the brain?
Basal Ganglia
Projection of a astrocyte?
Astrocytic feet
________ SNS nerve exitsthe ventral horn and white rami.
White Matter
CBF is autoregulated between a MAP of ________
60–160
Sensory pathways of the head and face form the trigeminal nerve and ascend to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the _________
Thalamus
What structure contains many fibers that connect 2–3 hemispheres together with neurons that arise in one hemisphere and synapse in another?
Corpus Callosum
SNS presynaptic nerves all leave the spinal cord via the _________ horn.
Intermediolateral
What can the brain uptake and metabolize for energy when lacking glucose? This is very rare
Lactate
True or False: Ions and Ionized substances easily cross the BBB.
FALSE
________ junctions between endothelial cells prevent ionized, large, non–lipid soluble subs from crossing the BBB
Tight
Inhibitory NTM within the hypothalamus and RAS
Histamine
Master neuro–hormonal–endocrine organ?
Hypothalamus
The termination of the spinal cord?
Conus Medullaris
8% of cranium is ______
CSF
Temperature and Pain (A delta and C fibers) = ____________ spinothalamic tract
Lateral
CBF averages _______ml/minute in adults
750
Oligodendrocytes are ___________ of regrowth if they are destroyed.
NOT CAPABLE
The vertebral arteries come from the _______ artery.
Subclavian
The axon is negatively charged at rest due to negatively charged ______ inside and because ______ is constantly leaking out of the membrane.
Proteins
Potassium
Pain fibers release this excitatory NT to synapse with the substantia gelatinosa
Substance P
The ______ matter is composed of myelinated axons.
White Matter
The NT at CN nuclei, ventral horn motor nerves, and various interneurons?
Ach
Note the pseudo–unipolar cell body is along the ______. This area is known as the ________________.
Axon
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Occipital lobe is primarily for ________
Vision
Crude touch and pressure = __________ spinothalamic tract
Anterior
Rexed lamina 1–6 occur in the _______ gray matter ______ horn.
Dorsal
What is rexed laminae 2 (or 3 in some texts)?
Substantia Gelatinosa
A–Alpha diameter and conduction velocity?
10–20micrometer
70–120m/s
The SNS postganglionic neuron breaks it’s own rule and releases acetylcholine at what location in the body?
Sweat Glands
The CSF leaves the cistern magna and enters the ________ space to circulate the CNS before absorption.
Subarachnoid
The ______ is also referred to as the primary motor cortex.
Prefrontal Gyrus
Collections of sensory nerve fibers near the spinal cord?
Dorsal Root Ganglion
When viewing the Homonculus, where is the hand, fingers, thumb, neck, brows, and eye?
Middle
What type of neurons make up the somatic and autonomic nervous system?
Motor Neurons
What two arteries in the circle of willis are unpaired?
Basilar
Anterior Communicating
Which vertebrae are fused?
Sacral Coccygeal
What do 2nd order neurons synapse with in the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus?
3rd order neurons
12% of cranium is _________
Blood
Functional unit of neuron
Axon
Major pathway of ascending and descending nerves from the homunculus to the midbrain?
Internal Capsule
What does a bipolar neuron look like?
Dendrite – Cell body – Axon terminal
How many interneurons are involved with the A–delta pathway
None
This thin, avascular layer is just below the dural and subdural layer?
Arachnoid
Where does the edinger–westphal nucleus come from?
The occulomotor nerve
What is the large cranial nerve that exits the Pons in Laffoon’s brainstem pic?
Trigeminal
When pain and temperature neurons synapse with motor neurons in the ventral horn it creates a…?
Reflex Arcs
CSF is formed and secreted by specialized ______ cells in the __________ at a rate of ________ per hour.
Ependymal
Choroid Plexus
20–30
The area just behind the primary sensory cortex?
Somatic sensory association area
This type of neuron has a cell body, dendrites are on the axon, and axon terminals are at the other end?
Unipolar. Not in humans
This cranial nerve is responsible for movement of the neck and shoulder?
Accessory
Most of CMRO2 is to create ________ for neuronal activity.
ATP
The fasciculus gracilis is more ______ than the fasciculus cunateus.
Medial
CMRO2 changes _________% for every 1 degree change in body temperature.
7%
This section of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord and contains respiratory and cardiac control centers?
Medulla (oblongota)
What glial cell plays a role in CSF secretion?
Ependymal
_________ lobe is responsible for sensation of touch and limb position.
Parietal
What type of glial cell resembeles a dendrite that comes in contact with blood vessels and plays important role in BBB?
Astrocyte
Which two cranial nerves provide both motor and sensory information outside of the face?
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
What two things combine to form Ach?
Acetyl–CoA
Choline
CBF increases _____% for every 1 degree C increase in temperature
5–6%
SNS postganglionic neurons release this NT:
NE
What type of glial cell resembles a lipid bilayer?
Ependymal cell
True or false: CSF exists in the central canal of the spinal cord.
TRUE
What rule says that because the brain is not compressible, any increase in volume results in increased ICP?
Monro–Kelly
Where do vibration, discrete touch, and proprioception third order nerves terminate?
Postcentral Gyrus (somatosensory area)
What ion restores resting potential during repolarization?
Potassium
The ____ division promotes erection and the _______ promotes ejaculation/contraction.
PSNS
SNS
90% of motor nerves decussate in the _______ before taking the ___ corticospinal tract.
Medulla
Lateral
Sensory nerve fibers have their cell bodies along the ________ of the neuron
Axon
What part of the brain consumes the most oxygen
Cerebral Cortex
Lumbar–sacral Vibration, discrete touch, and proprioception first order nerves immediately ascend to the medulla via the ____________
Fasciculus Gracilis
Lateral and ventral white matter columns are for descending efferent ________ tracts.
Motor
The Posterior sulcus, A/P horn, and Lateral horn make up the ______ matter.
Gray
The largest cranial nerve?
Trigeminal
3 patients who get AA instability?
RA
OA
Downs
The abducens nerve is responsible for _____ movmement.
eye
How many cervical nerve pairs are there?
8
The CSF flow starts in the _________ after the choroid plexus.
Lateral Ventricles
How many vertebrae are there?
33
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
PaCO2 of 75mmHg = CBF of ____ ml/100g/min
75
75% of patients arteria magna enters on the ____ side.
Left
What ion derangement leads to decreased calcium and decreased release of NT?
Hypermagnesemia
Thoracic/cervical Vibration, discrete touch, and proprioception first order nerves synapse with second order nerves and, immediately ascend to the medulla via the ____________
Fasciculus Cunateus
The gray matter has lots of cell bodies, interneurons, and _______ nerve fibers.
Unmyelinated
What anchors the spinal cord to the lower sacral region?
Filum Terminale
What is the one exception to the pre/post ganglionic rule?
The adrenal medulla is supplied by one preganglionic neuron
The inferior cervical ganglion and 1st thoracic nerve form the ___________.
Stellate Ganglion.
Intracranial ______ is determined by measuring the change in ICP in response to changes in intracranial volume.
Elastance
What absorbs the CSF?
Arachnoid Villi
True or false: Ach is the preganglionic NT for only the PNS
FALSE
The _________ neuron terminates on the effector organ.
Postganglionic
This section of the brainstem maintains the body’s consciousness, arousal, and alertness?
RAS
Spinal nerves originate _____ their vertebrae, besides the cervical
Below
The posterolateral fissure separates the posterior lobe of the cerebellum from what lobe?
Flocculonodular
Cell membrane of the axon?
Axolemma
The exterior layer of the dura is ________ and the internal layer is the __________.
Periosteal
Meningeal
Pressure and crude touch can ascend up to ___ levels before synapsing.
10 segments
Complex and finer movement areas are from _______ areas of the humunculus.
Larger
Cervical nerves originate _______ their vertebrae.
Above
How many posterior spinal arteries are there? What percent of blood flow do they provide?
2
25%
Another name for the central sulcus
Fissure of Rolando
This structure integrates and transmits SENSORY information by connecting the cortex to the rest of the nervous system?
Thalamus
True or False: GABA is highly concentrated in the basal ganglia and cerebellum
TRUE
The CSF leaves the 4the ventricle through the median aperture (megendie) and also the paired lateral apertures called the foramine of ______.
Luschka
3 cranial fossa
A/P/Middle
Astrocytic feet that contact blood vessels? What are they important for?
Perivascular
BBB
When viewing the Homonculus, where are the legs, knee, hip, and trunk?
Medial
What breaks down Ach?
Acetylcholinesterase
Water soluble substances cross the BBB ________
easily
_________ form myelin in the peripheral NS.
Schwann Cells
Frontal lobe is primarily for ________ function
Motor
Normal CPP
80–100mmHg
Which 3 sacral nerves are parasympathetic?
S2, 3, 4
Larger diameter nerves have _______ resistance to impulse conduction.
Less
2nd order pain and temperature neurons travel up these 2 tracts?
Anterior or Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
Chloride, Magnesium, and CO2 are ________ in the CSF than the Plasma
Higher in the CSF
The _______ neuron initiates in the CNS.
Preganglionic
When does BBB become 100% effective
4 months
Primary inhibitor NT in the CNS?
GABA
The ___ anterior spinal artery supplied ___ percent of blood flow to the spinal cord.
1
75
This space lied between the dura mater and the arachnoid matter?
Subdural (place where bleeding happens)
Spinal cord is ____cm shorter than the spinal column.
25
The total body O2 consumption is ______ per minute
250ml
Measuring ICP in the lumbar cistern can _____ ICP in patients with intracranial lesions
Underestimate
Glutamate activates inotropic receptors (such as ______) openingNa+channels and depolarizing the membrane to regulate intracellular ________ messenger systems
NMDA
2nd
Postganglionic sympathetic nerves and afferent sensory nerves for autonomic functions? They sense warm temp, slow pain, and itching?
C fibers
What is a white matter astrocyte?
Fibrous
If blood flow to that brain is not re–established within _____ minutes, ATP stores become depleted and irreversible cellular injury ensues.
3–8
The cerebral cortex is the outer _____mm
3
Most common incomplete circle of willis is due to a missing posterior _________ artery.
Communicating
Mu–1 is ____ spinal
Supra
How many thorax nerve pairs are there?
12
How many coccygeal nerve pairs are there?
1
What level is the arteria magna?
T8–T12
Is sensation lost with arteria magna ischemia?
No
Arteries that arise from intercostal and lumbar arteries?
Radicular
The ______ fissure marks to inferior border of the somatosensory and motor cortex
Slyvian
CBF is autoregulated between a CPP of ______
50–150
________ is found in large amounts within the cholinergic synapse.
Acetylcholinesterase
Most common neuron type in human CNS? Mulitpolar Bipolar Psuedo-unipolar unipolar
Multipolar
What structures are on the lateral edges of the Homunculus?
Tongue, Jaw, teeth, larynx
How many paired ganglia are there for sympathetic thoracolumbar outflow?
22
This cranial bone is just dorsal of the frontal bone in the medial skull
Sphenoid
What is the most inferior cranial nerve in Lafoon’s brainstem pic?
11 (Accessory)
What are the two different types of potassium channels on the axolemma?
Leak channels
Voltage Gated
What two states do local anesthetic bind during?
Open
Inactivated
What are 2 names for the artery of adam?
Arteria Magna
Greater radicular artery
