A&P Flashcards
1
Q
How many thorax vertebrae are there?
A
12
2
Q
What two types of neurons are multipolar?
A
Interneurons
Motor Neurons
3
Q
Nerves that synapse in a distal collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column or close to the effector organ are typically ____________?
A
Parasympathetic
4
Q
Volume of the cranium?
A
1200–1500ml
5
Q
Why is the gray matter enlarged in C3–C5 and L3–L5?
A
To accommodate for brachial plexus and sacral.
6
Q
True or false: Ach is the preganglionic for the SNS and the PSNS
A
TRUE
7
Q
Broca’s is for ___________.
Wernicke’s is for _________.
A
Broca= speech production. Wenicke's = Understand speech
8
Q
Aside from the arachniod villi, _______ channels absorb CSF.
A
Lymphatic
9
Q
For a brief time during depolarization, the inside of the membrane potential becomes how high?
A
30
10
Q
CBF is greatly increase when PaO2 is less than __________.
A
50
11
Q
True or False: Epidural catheters are threaded into the subdural space.
A
FALSE
12
Q
Pain fibers travel through the dorsal roots and synapse with ________ order neurons in the ____matter of the spinal cord
A
2nd
gray
13
Q
The area just in front of the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)?
A
Somatic Motor Association Area (premotor cortex)
14
Q
What are internuncial neurons?
A
Interneurons
15
Q
When MAP/CPP increase above autoregulation threshold, what happens to cerebral vasculature
A
Vasoconstriction (to try to decrease CBF)
16
Q
The globus pallidus, putamen and caudate make up the corpus striata. These are within what part of the brain?
A
Basal Ganglia
17
Q
Projection of a astrocyte?
A
Astrocytic feet
18
Q
________ SNS nerve exitsthe ventral horn and white rami.
A
White Matter
19
Q
CBF is autoregulated between a MAP of ________
A
60–160
20
Q
Sensory pathways of the head and face form the trigeminal nerve and ascend to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the _________
A
Thalamus
21
Q
What structure contains many fibers that connect 2–3 hemispheres together with neurons that arise in one hemisphere and synapse in another?
A
Corpus Callosum
22
Q
SNS presynaptic nerves all leave the spinal cord via the _________ horn.
A
Intermediolateral
23
Q
What can the brain uptake and metabolize for energy when lacking glucose? This is very rare
A
Lactate
24
Q
True or False: Ions and Ionized substances easily cross the BBB.
A
FALSE
25
________ junctions between endothelial cells prevent ionized, large, non–lipid soluble subs from crossing the BBB
Tight
26
Inhibitory NTM within the hypothalamus and RAS
Histamine
27
Master neuro–hormonal–endocrine organ?
Hypothalamus
28
The termination of the spinal cord?
Conus Medullaris
29
8% of cranium is ______
CSF
30
Temperature and Pain (A delta and C fibers) = ____________ spinothalamic tract
Lateral
31
CBF averages _______ml/minute in adults
750
32
Oligodendrocytes are ___________ of regrowth if they are destroyed.
NOT CAPABLE
33
The vertebral arteries come from the _______ artery.
Subclavian
34
The axon is negatively charged at rest due to negatively charged ______ inside and because ______ is constantly leaking out of the membrane.
Proteins
Potassium
35
Pain fibers release this excitatory NT to synapse with the substantia gelatinosa
Substance P
36
The ______ matter is composed of myelinated axons.
White Matter
37
The NT at CN nuclei, ventral horn motor nerves, and various interneurons?
Ach
38
Note the pseudo–unipolar cell body is along the ______. This area is known as the ________________.
Axon
Dorsal Root Ganglion
39
Occipital lobe is primarily for ________
Vision
40
Crude touch and pressure = __________ spinothalamic tract
Anterior
41
Rexed lamina 1–6 occur in the _______ gray matter ______ horn.
Dorsal
42
What is rexed laminae 2 (or 3 in some texts)?
Substantia Gelatinosa
43
A–Alpha diameter and conduction velocity?
10–20micrometer
70–120m/s
44
The SNS postganglionic neuron breaks it's own rule and releases acetylcholine at what location in the body?
Sweat Glands
45
The CSF leaves the cistern magna and enters the ________ space to circulate the CNS before absorption.
Subarachnoid
46
The ______ is also referred to as the primary motor cortex.
Prefrontal Gyrus
47
Collections of sensory nerve fibers near the spinal cord?
Dorsal Root Ganglion
48
When viewing the Homonculus, where is the hand, fingers, thumb, neck, brows, and eye?
Middle
49
What type of neurons make up the somatic and autonomic nervous system?
Motor Neurons
50
What two arteries in the circle of willis are unpaired?
Basilar
| Anterior Communicating
51
Which vertebrae are fused?
Sacral Coccygeal
52
What do 2nd order neurons synapse with in the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus?
3rd order neurons
53
12% of cranium is _________
Blood
54
Functional unit of neuron
Axon
55
Major pathway of ascending and descending nerves from the homunculus to the midbrain?
Internal Capsule
56
What does a bipolar neuron look like?
Dendrite – Cell body – Axon terminal
57
How many interneurons are involved with the A–delta pathway
None
58
This thin, avascular layer is just below the dural and subdural layer?
Arachnoid
59
Where does the edinger–westphal nucleus come from?
The occulomotor nerve
60
What is the large cranial nerve that exits the Pons in Laffoon's brainstem pic?
Trigeminal
61
When pain and temperature neurons synapse with motor neurons in the ventral horn it creates a...?
Reflex Arcs
62
CSF is formed and secreted by specialized ______ cells in the __________ at a rate of ________ per hour.
Ependymal
Choroid Plexus
20–30
63
The area just behind the primary sensory cortex?
Somatic sensory association area
64
This type of neuron has a cell body, dendrites are on the axon, and axon terminals are at the other end?
Unipolar. Not in humans
65
This cranial nerve is responsible for movement of the neck and shoulder?
Accessory
66
Most of CMRO2 is to create ________ for neuronal activity.
ATP
67
The fasciculus gracilis is more ______ than the fasciculus cunateus.
Medial
68
CMRO2 changes _________% for every 1 degree change in body temperature.
7%
69
This section of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord and contains respiratory and cardiac control centers?
Medulla (oblongota)
70
What glial cell plays a role in CSF secretion?
Ependymal
71
_________ lobe is responsible for sensation of touch and limb position.
Parietal
72
What type of glial cell resembeles a dendrite that comes in contact with blood vessels and plays important role in BBB?
Astrocyte
73
Which two cranial nerves provide both motor and sensory information outside of the face?
Glossopharyngeal
| Vagus
74
What two things combine to form Ach?
Acetyl–CoA
Choline
75
CBF increases _____% for every 1 degree C increase in temperature
5–6%
76
SNS postganglionic neurons release this NT:
NE
77
What type of glial cell resembles a lipid bilayer?
Ependymal cell
78
True or false: CSF exists in the central canal of the spinal cord.
TRUE
79
What rule says that because the brain is not compressible, any increase in volume results in increased ICP?
Monro–Kelly
80
Where do vibration, discrete touch, and proprioception third order nerves terminate?
Postcentral Gyrus (somatosensory area)
81
What ion restores resting potential during repolarization?
Potassium
82
The ____ division promotes erection and the _______ promotes ejaculation/contraction.
PSNS
SNS
83
90% of motor nerves decussate in the _______ before taking the ___ corticospinal tract.
Medulla
Lateral
84
Sensory nerve fibers have their cell bodies along the ________ of the neuron
Axon
85
What part of the brain consumes the most oxygen
Cerebral Cortex
86
Lumbar–sacral Vibration, discrete touch, and proprioception first order nerves immediately ascend to the medulla via the ____________
Fasciculus Gracilis
87
Lateral and ventral white matter columns are for descending efferent ________ tracts.
Motor
88
The Posterior sulcus, A/P horn, and Lateral horn make up the ______ matter.
Gray
89
The largest cranial nerve?
Trigeminal
90
3 patients who get AA instability?
RA
OA
Downs
91
The abducens nerve is responsible for _____ movmement.
eye
92
How many cervical nerve pairs are there?
8
93
The CSF flow starts in the _________ after the choroid plexus.
Lateral Ventricles
94
How many vertebrae are there?
33
95
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
96
PaCO2 of 75mmHg = CBF of ____ ml/100g/min
75
97
75% of patients arteria magna enters on the ____ side.
Left
98
What ion derangement leads to decreased calcium and decreased release of NT?
Hypermagnesemia
99
Thoracic/cervical Vibration, discrete touch, and proprioception first order nerves synapse with second order nerves and, immediately ascend to the medulla via the ____________
Fasciculus Cunateus
100
The gray matter has lots of cell bodies, interneurons, and _______ nerve fibers.
Unmyelinated
101
What anchors the spinal cord to the lower sacral region?
Filum Terminale
102
What is the one exception to the pre/post ganglionic rule?
The adrenal medulla is supplied by one preganglionic neuron
103
The inferior cervical ganglion and 1st thoracic nerve form the ___________.
Stellate Ganglion.
104
Intracranial ______ is determined by measuring the change in ICP in response to changes in intracranial volume.
Elastance
105
What absorbs the CSF?
Arachnoid Villi
106
True or false: Ach is the preganglionic NT for only the PNS
FALSE
107
The _________ neuron terminates on the effector organ.
Postganglionic
108
This section of the brainstem maintains the body's consciousness, arousal, and alertness?
RAS
109
Spinal nerves originate _____ their vertebrae, besides the cervical
Below
110
The posterolateral fissure separates the posterior lobe of the cerebellum from what lobe?
Flocculonodular
111
Cell membrane of the axon?
Axolemma
112
The exterior layer of the dura is ________ and the internal layer is the __________.
Periosteal
Meningeal
113
Pressure and crude touch can ascend up to ___ levels before synapsing.
10 segments
114
Complex and finer movement areas are from _______ areas of the humunculus.
Larger
115
Cervical nerves originate _______ their vertebrae.
Above
116
How many posterior spinal arteries are there? What percent of blood flow do they provide?
2
25%
117
Another name for the central sulcus
Fissure of Rolando
118
This structure integrates and transmits SENSORY information by connecting the cortex to the rest of the nervous system?
Thalamus
119
True or False: GABA is highly concentrated in the basal ganglia and cerebellum
TRUE
120
The CSF leaves the 4the ventricle through the median aperture (megendie) and also the paired lateral apertures called the foramine of ______.
Luschka
121
3 cranial fossa
A/P/Middle
122
Astrocytic feet that contact blood vessels? What are they important for?
Perivascular
BBB
123
When viewing the Homonculus, where are the legs, knee, hip, and trunk?
Medial
124
What breaks down Ach?
Acetylcholinesterase
125
Water soluble substances cross the BBB ________
easily
126
_________ form myelin in the peripheral NS.
Schwann Cells
127
Frontal lobe is primarily for ________ function
Motor
128
Normal CPP
80–100mmHg
129
Which 3 sacral nerves are parasympathetic?
S2, 3, 4
130
Larger diameter nerves have _______ resistance to impulse conduction.
Less
131
2nd order pain and temperature neurons travel up these 2 tracts?
Anterior or Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
132
Chloride, Magnesium, and CO2 are ________ in the CSF than the Plasma
Higher in the CSF
133
The _______ neuron initiates in the CNS.
Preganglionic
134
When does BBB become 100% effective
4 months
135
Primary inhibitor NT in the CNS?
GABA
136
The ___ anterior spinal artery supplied ___ percent of blood flow to the spinal cord.
1
75
137
This space lied between the dura mater and the arachnoid matter?
Subdural (place where bleeding happens)
138
Spinal cord is ____cm shorter than the spinal column.
25
139
The total body O2 consumption is ______ per minute
250ml
140
Measuring ICP in the lumbar cistern can _____ ICP in patients with intracranial lesions
Underestimate
141
Glutamate activates inotropic receptors (such as ______) openingNa+channels and depolarizing the membrane to regulate intracellular ________ messenger systems
NMDA
2nd
142
Postganglionic sympathetic nerves and afferent sensory nerves for autonomic functions? They sense warm temp, slow pain, and itching?
C fibers
143
What is a white matter astrocyte?
Fibrous
144
If blood flow to that brain is not re–established within _____ minutes, ATP stores become depleted and irreversible cellular injury ensues.
3–8
145
The cerebral cortex is the outer _____mm
3
146
Most common incomplete circle of willis is due to a missing posterior _________ artery.
Communicating
147
Mu–1 is ____ spinal
Supra
148
How many thorax nerve pairs are there?
12
149
How many coccygeal nerve pairs are there?
1
150
What level is the arteria magna?
T8–T12
151
Is sensation lost with arteria magna ischemia?
No
152
Arteries that arise from intercostal and lumbar arteries?
Radicular
153
The ______ fissure marks to inferior border of the somatosensory and motor cortex
Slyvian
154
CBF is autoregulated between a CPP of ______
50–150
155
________ is found in large amounts within the cholinergic synapse.
Acetylcholinesterase
156
```
Most common neuron type in human CNS?
Mulitpolar
Bipolar
Psuedo-unipolar
unipolar
```
Multipolar
157
What structures are on the lateral edges of the Homunculus?
Tongue, Jaw, teeth, larynx
158
How many paired ganglia are there for sympathetic thoracolumbar outflow?
22
159
This cranial bone is just dorsal of the frontal bone in the medial skull
Sphenoid
160
What is the most inferior cranial nerve in Lafoon's brainstem pic?
11 (Accessory)
161
What are the two different types of potassium channels on the axolemma?
Leak channels
| Voltage Gated
162
What two states do local anesthetic bind during?
Open
| Inactivated
163
What are 2 names for the artery of adam?
Arteria Magna
| Greater radicular artery
164
Third order neurons travel in the internal capsule to eventually synapse in the __________.
Postcentral Gyrus
165
What is responsible for establishing the RESTING state of the neuron?
ATPase pump
166
The medial ________ terminates in the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus.
Lemniscus
167
What is the formula for CPP?
MAP–ICP
Use CVP if greater than ICP
168
Oligodendryocytes form myelin in the ______.
CNS
169
What occurs in the cerebral vasculature if MAP or CPP fall below autoregulation threshold?
Cerebral Vasodilation (but decreased blood flow to brain)
170
What fissure separates the anterior cerebellum from the posterior?
Primary Fissure
171
Hyperthermia above ______ may result in neuronal injury
42 degrees
172
Almost all sensory neurons are __________.
Pseudo–Unipolar
173
The 3 main nerves that synapse in a distal collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column or close to the effector organ?
Celiac
Superior Mesenteric
Inferior Mesenteric
174
How many sacral nerve pairs are there?
5
175
What part of the brain are the red nucleus and substantia nigra found in?
Midbrain
176
The CSF leaves the 4th ventricle median aperture through the foramen of ________.
Megendie
177
The SNS has ______ preganglionic neurons and __________ postganglionic neurons. The PSNS is the opposite of this.
SNS = Short Pre, Long post
178
This part of the limbic system helps control emotion, stress, response, pain, and appetite:
Amygdala
179
State the 5 chambers in order of CSF flow.
1. Lateral Ventricles
2. 3rd ventricle
3. 4th ventricle
4. Cistern Magna
5. Subarachnoid space
180
What side of the spinal cord has the deep fissure?
Anterior
181
What spinal tract is responsible for motor function of the trunk and extremities?
Corticospinal Tract
182
NE has some inhibitory effects, particularly in the RAS and inhibition of impulses to the __________.
Cerebral cortex
183
Sensory neurons always enter the spinal cord via the ______ matter and then enter the _____ matter before they ascend.
Enter through white
Ascend in gray
184
Elevated convolutions on the cerebral surface
Gyri
185
True or false: Intense hyperoxia can decrease CBF by 10%
TRUE
186
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
187
True or false: In healthy patients in recumbent position, Lumbar ICP is the same as cranial
TRUE
188
The CSF leaves the fourth ventricle and enters the cerebellomedullary _______ _________.
Cistern Magna
189
This type of neuron is not found in humans.
Unipolar
190
Shallow groove in the cerebral surface
Sulca
191
Where do A–delta and C fibers have their cell bodies?
Dorsal Root Ganglion
192
N/V, dizziness, and AMS are signs of CPP outside of ________
Autoregulation
193
The brain consumes ___ percent of total body oxygen.
20%
194
White matter is called the posterior or dorsal ________.
Column
195
What percent of blood flow is from the internal carotids? How about the vertebrals?
70 ––– 30
196
This sulcus divides the parietal and temporal lobe from the occipital lobe?
Parietal–occipital Sulcus
197
The 50 divisions of the cerebral cortex with different functions?
Brodmann Area
198
Vibration, discrete touch, and proprioception decussate to form the medial ________.
Lemniscus
199
This space is present in the spinal column but not in the cranium. It is a potential" space in the cranium. It contains venous plexuses and fat."
Epidural Space
200
Amount of CSF produced per day
500–600mL
201
What type of neurons ascend to the medulla BEFORE decussating and crossing over?
Vibration, discrete touch, proprioception
202
If you're ever asked the primary inhibitory CNS NT, it is _______
GABA
203
Information from the cerebellum is transmitted to the _____ and to lower _____ neurons.
Cerebral Cortex
Motor
204
State the 3 ways sympathetic nerves can exit the spinal cord
1: Synapse at the level of exit
2: Course up or down ganglia trunk
3: Synapse at an anterior collateral ganglion outside of the spinal cord close to the effector organ
205
What is another name for the Flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum?
What is it partly responsible for?
Archeo Cerebellum
Equilibrium
206
The basal ganglia is between the two ______.
Cerebral hemispheres
207
What enzyme converts Acetyl–CoA and Choline into Ach?
Choline Acetyltransferase
208
The ATPase pump does it's action after _______ has occured.
Repolarization
209
How long does it take sodium to equalibrate between CSF and plasma?
4 hours
210
What is the gray matter lateral horn responsible for?
Presynaptic Cell bodies from T1–L2
211
Appropriate blood sugar for brain protection is less than ____
180
212
The CSF leaves the 3rd ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct of _____ in the midbrain to the _______ ventricle.
Slyvius
4th
213
The ______ matter is composed of cell bodies.
Gray
214
What glial cell helps form myelin sheath, propagates nerve impulses, myelinates more than one axon?
Oligodendrocyte
215
What type of reaction does acetylcholinesterase catalyze?
Hydrolysis
216
CBF at which there is irreversible brain damage
10ml
217
C fibers enter the substantia gelatinosa (RL 2,3) and then go to RL ____
5
218
The cervical ganglion is divided into 3 division: Superior, Middle, and Inferior. Damage to which cervical ganglion causes Horner's syndrome?
Superior Cervical Ganglion
219
The anterolateral pathway"
Spinothalamic Tract
220
The basal ganglia, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and reticular formation are __________ motor areas that play a role in ______ function.
Subcortical
Motor
221
RMP in nerves is mostly determined by this ion:
Potassium
222
This spinothalamic tract transmits nondiscrete, nonlocalized touch.
Anterior
223
pH of CSF?
7.32
224
Mu–2 is _______ spinal
Just spinal
225
The primary mechanism behind termination of catecholamines
Presynaptic Reuptake
226
The PSNS ganglia are located much closer to the __________.
Effector organ
227
Remember that nerves ________ in the spinal cord.
Decussate
228
How many total spinal nerves are there?
62
229
True or false: CPP less than 30 causes a flat EEG
TRUE
230
Where does the spinal cord start and end in adults?
Foramen Magnum
L1
231
4 glial cells?
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Microglial
Oligodendrocyte
232
You know cardiac RMP is –90. What is a nerve cell's?
–70
233
PNS postganglionic neurons release this NT:
Ach
234
Threshold potential of a nerve cell
–30 to –50
235
___________ have perivascular feet that play an important role in formation of the BBB.
Astrocytes
236
True or false: CSF exists in the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord?
TRUE
237
This fold of the brain separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum?
Tentorium Cerebella
238
Hyperventilation to a PaCO2 less than 20 shifts the oxyhemoglobin curve to the __________.
Left
239
This fold is part of the inner meningeal layer and separates the two cerebral hemispheres
Faux Cerebri
240
How to remember the CSF specific gravity?
James Bond
241
This cranial nerve is responsible for movement of the tongue, swallowing, and SPEECH?
Hypoglossal
242
The ______ looks like a little ball.
Inactivation Gate
243
Which 3 rexed laminae make up the ventral horn of motor neurons?
7, 8, 9
244
Which two cranial nerves provide motor and sensory function to the face?
Trigeminal
| Facial
245
Interruption of cerebral perfusion results in unconsciousness within 10 seconds because of high ________ and lack of ______.
O2 Consumption
Reserve
246
Primary inhibitory NT in the spinal cord?
Glycine
247
Anything that interrupts the arteria magna can cause ________ paralysis from ischemia to the anterior spinal cord.
Motor neuron
248
In patients with chronic HTN, CBF becomes more _______ dependent at low normal MAP
Pressure
249
What is the one weird thing that is all the way at the lateral edge of the somatosensory homonculus?
Abdomen
250
At 20 degrees, the EEG is _________, but further reduction will continue to reduce CMR.
Isoelectric
251
Cerebral blood flow averages ______ml/100g/minute, because there is _____ml from the gray matter and _____ ml from the white matter
50
80 gray
20 white
252
What matter does the reflex arc synapse occur in?
Gray Matter
253
Which rami of the sympathetic ganglion is closer to the cord?
White
254
This line divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal Love
Central Sulcus
255
This cranial nerve is responsible for facial sensation and chewing?
Trigeminal
256
Dural venous sinuses drain into the ______ sinus before draining into the IJ.
Sigmoid
257
Primary excitatory NTM within the CNS?
Glutamate
258
What are the two metabolic endpoints of acetylcholine breakdown?
Acetic Acid
| Choline
259
Cauda equina is a nerve group from L ___ to S ___.
L1 to S5
260
CBF is proportional to PaCO2 between _____ to ____
20–80
261
Pain and sensory fibers enter the pons where they form the _____ nerve.
Trigeminal
262
What is another name for the Neo cerebellum?
| What is it responsible for?
Posterior Lobe
Involuntary muscle coordination
263
This organ is fed by one preganlgionic neuron and acts itself like a postganglionic neuron.
Adrenal Medulla
264
2nd cervical vertebrae?
Axis
265
First part of the brainstem responsible for auditory and visual processing?
Midbrain
266
NE is releases from ______________ganglionic adrenergic neurons.
Post
267
Which four cranial nerves are parasympathetic?
3, 7, 9, 10
268
10 Divisions in the gray matter from ventral to posterior?
Rexed Laminae
269
Duration of catecholamines is regulated by these 3 things:
Presynaptic Reuptake
MOA breakdown in nerve terminal
COMT breakdown in the liver
270
90% of glucose is metabolized____ therefore CMRO2 normally parallels glucose consumption
Aerobically
271
These 2 things make up the diencephalon (midline between hemispheres):
Thalamus
| Hypothalamus
272
These 7 things are lower in the CSF than the serum?
```
Potassium
Protein
pH
Calcium
Cholesterol
Glucose
HCO3
```
273
Where do pain and sensory fibers from the head synapse before entering the pons?
Trigeminal Ganglion
274
What is the key difference between the pain/temperature" tract and the "pressure and crude touch" tract?"
Pain/Temp: Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
Pressure and Crude: Ventral Tract
275
The most interior meningeal layer that is adhered to the brain and spinal cord?
Pia Mater
276
Local anesthetics cannot bind during the ________ state.
Resting
277
What fibbers sense cold and pain?
A delta
278
At birth, the spinal cord is ____________ as the spinal column.
The same length
279
The A/P/L Funiculus makes up the _____ matter.
White
280
When viewing the homunculus, remember that the area of the brain represents the ________ side of the body.
Contralateral
281
Intracranial lesions result in decreased _______ pressure and increased ________ pressure
Decreased Infratentorial
Increase Supratentorial
282
What column of the anterior spinal cord contains preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Intermediolateral
283
At PaCO2 levels greater than 80, CBF will be _______ than PaCO2
Less
284
This part of the limbic system is important for learning and memory formation:
Hippocampus
285
CSF is _______ with plasma but electrolyte and other component concentrations differ.
Isotonic
286
These 3 areas of the brain are most sensitive to hypoxic injury
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Thalamus
287
What glial cell resembles a dendrite?
Microglia
288
Overlap in cutaneous dermatomes is due to pain and temperature fibers traveling up and down the _____________ before entering the RL
Tract of Lissauer
289
Specific gravity of CSF?
1.007
290
__________ SNS nerve exits the spinal cord gray unmyelinated.
Postganglionic
291
What ICP requires treatment?
20
292
What opposes calcium at the NMJ to prevent pain?
Magnesium
293
Layers that holds bundles of parallel fasciles?
Epineurium
294
The activation gate during looks like a ______.
Weiner
295
________ area is just in front of the ear. ______Area is just behind the ear.
Broca's in front.
| Wernicke's in back.
296
Glial cell transported to sites of neuronal injury, develop into macrophages, and play a part in phagocytosis?
Microglial Cells
297
_____ganglionic nerves are myelinated.
Pre
298
The postecentral gyrus is also referred to as the primary _______________.
Sensory Cortex
299
This bone makes up the posteriorlateral 2/3s of the skull
Parietal
300
CBF at which the cerebrum is impaired
25
301
Where does the spinal cord end in the newborn?
L3
302
This cranial bone is in the middle of the frontal bone?
Ethmoid
303
The Auerbach Mesenteric plexus is the only sympthetic nerve in which one nerve may synapse to ______ cells.
8000
304
What NT is involved with neuronal injury after ischemia and TBI?
Glutamate
305
What ion is either the same or HIGHER in the CSF than the plasma?
Sodium
306
Total CSF volume
150mL
307
A beta fibers are for what?
Touch and Pressure sensation.
308
What is another name for the paleo cerebellum? What is it responsible for?
Anterior Lobe
Muscle tone
309
These two areas are just between Broca's and Wernicke's area?
Auditory association, Auditory Cortex
310
Brain is _____% of body weight
2%
311
When sodium channels become inactivated during the absolute refractory period, these channels open to release this ion that causes repolarization.
Potassium
312
Water crossis BBB due to __________
Osmosis
313
The tentorium cerebella marks the border between the __________ and _________ space.
Supratentorial
Infratentorial
314
Name 4 endogenous opiods
Endorphin
Enkephalin
Dynorphin
Endomorphin
315
What meningeal layer is closely adhered to the spinal cord?
Pia
316
The vagus nerve makes up _______ of PSNS activity.
75%
317
CPP is mostly dependent on _____
MAP
318
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
319
What type of neuron is special sensory in the eyes, nose, and ears?
Bipolar
320
What is the pnemonic device for remembering which cranial nerves are motor and which ones are sensory?
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More
321
True or false: Bladder dysfunction and paraplegia are possible due to arteria magna ischemia
TRUE
322
The basal ganglia is involved in the control of ________. It is also a part of the _________ pathway.
Movement
Reward
323
This space contains vascular structures, can produce hematoma? It is just below the arachnoid mater.
Subarachnoid space
324
The CSF leaves the lateral ventricles through the foramen of ________ into the ________ ventricle.
Monro
3rd
325
MS, ALS, tumors, HTN, and seizures can disrupt the
BBB
326
CMRO2 averages _____ O2/100g/minute, or ______ ml/minute in adults.
3–3.8
50
327
The olfactory bulb is located just under the _________
Frontal Lobe
328
CSF is found in ventricles and ______ in the brain.
Cisterns
329
What is the smallest A fiber?
A delta
330
Connective tissue around each axon within a fascicle?
Endoneurium
331
CBF is _____ percent of CO
15–20%
332
Compensatory decrease in cerebral blood volume is primarily decreased _________ blood
Venous
333
______ganglionic nerves are non–myelinated
Post
334
What side of the spinal cord has the shallow median sulcus?
Posterior
335
Myelinated neurons require _______ energy to power the ATPase pump.
Less
336
Schwann cells can form myelin around _____ axons.
1
337
The ability of vessels to STRETCH with pressure changes?
Elastance
338
What NT is involved in memory formation during GA awareness?
Glutamate
339
Why would polycythemia and COPD cause decreased CBF?
Increases Hct and Viscosity
340
Deeper grooves in the cerebral surface
Fissuers
341
CBF is directly proportional to _______ between tensions 20–80. 1 ml increase = 1 mmHg change
PaCO2
342
Most parasympathetic nerves synapse at this ratio
1:1
343
What glial cell supports neurons and provides nutrition and repair?
Astrocyte
344
Gray matter is called the posterior or dorsal ____________.
Horn
345
Normal ICP
5–15 mmHg
346
What is the most superior cranial nerve on lafoon's picture of the brainstem?
3 Oculomotor
347
These three things play an important role in the formation of the BBB
Pericytes
Tight Junctions
Perivascular Feet
348
The reticular formation found in brainstem and diencephalon contain extensor and _____ neurons.
Flexor
349
This part of the limbic system regulates body functions:
Hypothalamus
350
Brainstem and cerebellum are in the ______ fossa
Posterior
351
This inhibitory NT is predominant in the basal ganglia?
Dopamine
352
CBF at which the EEG is isoelectric
20
353
The ability of vessels to RECOIL back to normal dimension?
Compliance
354
What matter is shaped like a butterfly in the spinal cord?
Gray matter
355
GABA activation opens __________ channels producing hyperpolarization.
Chloride
356
What large cranial nerve exits the spinal cord on the anterior side just inferior to the pons? It is out of order of the rest of them?
12 (Hypoglossal)
357
True or false: The axolemma is permeable to potassium, sodium, and calcium at rest.
FALSE: Potassium only
358
The axon hillock is the point at which the axon meets the _______
Cell Body
359
The trochlear nerve is responsible for _____ movement.
Eye
360
At what age does the spinal cord end up at L1?
2 years
361
As PaO2 decreases, CBF ________
Increases
362
What type of Ach receptors are in smooth muscle, sweat glands, and cardiac muscle?
Muscarinic
363
True or false: Water can move through the BBB freely.
TRUE
364
What layer is between the scalp and the skull bone?
Periostemum
365
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5
366
Neurons have voltage gated ______ channels that open in response to a stimulus.
Sodium
367
This line divides the R and L hemisphere
Longitudinal Fissue
368
What mechanism does the brain use to lower ICP until HCO3 can compensate? How long does it take for HCO3 compensation?
Hyperventilation
6–12 hour
369
How many lumbar nerve pairs are there?
5
370
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
4
371
2 types of cells in the CNS
Neuron
| Glial
372
A gamma fibers are for what?
Skeletal muscle tone
373
Neurons that connect adjacent neurons in the CNS
Interneurons
374
Inhibitor NTM affecting mood
Serotonin
375
The brain consumes ______ of the total body glucose
25%
376
True or false: CPP less than 50 often shows slowing on the EEG and signs of ischemia
TRUE
377
This precursor to tyrosine make epi, NE, Dopamine?
Phenylalanine
378
What happens when elastance and volume compensation mechanism reach exhaustion?
Herniation
379
Middle fossa holds what 2 lobes
Temporal, Parietal
380
1st cervical vertebrae?
Atlas
381
Connective tissue around each individual fascicle?
Perineurium
382
What do the ependymal cells form?
Choroid Plexus
383
Largest radicular artery that supplies 2.3 of spinal cord blood flow?
Adamiewicz
384
80% of cranium is ______
Brain
385
Serum Osmolality ______CSF Osmolality
Equals
386
What depression is in the sphenoid bone? What does this contain?
Sella Turcica
Pituitary Gland
387
2 names for the cell body
Soma
| Perikaryon
388
The ependymal cells are in the central _____________ and the roof of the _______ and ______ ventircles of the brain.
Spinal Canal
3rd and 4th
389
CSF pressure?
5–15mmHg
390
What is a gray matter astrocyte?
Protoplasmic
391
This fissure divides the frontal and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?
Sylvian Fissure
392
Brain glucose consumption is approximately ___mg/100g/minute
5mg
393
Middle section of the brainstem, anterior to the cerebellum?
Pons
394
ICP refers to ______ CSF pressure
Supratentorial
395
CMRO2 is greatest in the ________ matter of the cerebral cortex and parallels ______
Gray Matter
Electrical Acivity
396
What type of receptors are at the NMJ and between pre–postsynaptic membranes?
Nicotinic
397
Decreased hematocrit decreases viscosity and improves CBF. What is the optimum Hct for CBF?
30%
398
What is the predominant glial cell?
Astrocyte
399
This section of the brainstem is where a lot of anesthetics work on?
RAS
400
These three structures are the primary components of the limbic system:
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
401
10% of motor neurons go through the medulla and down the ____ corticospinal tract before crossing over in the gray matter.
Anterior
402
Temporal lobe is primarily for _____ function
Auditory
403
What nerve fibers make up preganglionic autonomic nerves?
B fibers
404
Intense SNS stimulation induces vaso__________ and can ______ CBF
Constriction
Decrease
405
The ____ is the most exterior or superficial layer of the brain. It is also the thickest.
Dura
406
The fasciculus gracilis transmits sensory information from which areas of the body?
Lumbar and sacral
407
The fasciculus cuneatus transmits sensory information from which areas of the body?
Thoracic and cervical
408
A-delta pain fibers synapse in which rexed lamina?
lamina 1 and 5
409
C fibers synapse in which rexed lamina?
lamina 2 and 3, then synapse with interneurons to rexed lamina 5
