A&P 1 - Ch 1 Flashcards
Chapter 1 - Orientation to the Human Body
Anatomy
The study of the structure of the body
Physiology
The study of how the body functions
Pathophysiology
Study of the processes that disturb normal function
Anterior
Toward the front of the body
Distal
Farthest from the point of origin
Dorsal Cavity
Located at the back of the body; contains the cranial and spinal cavaties
Frontal Plane
Divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions
Homeostasis
The state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body
Inferior
Beneath or lower
Lateral
Away from the body’s midline
Medial
Toward the body’s midline
Negative Feedback
When the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change
Organ
Structures of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
Organelle
Metabolic units (or tiny organs) within a cell that perform a specific function necessary to the life of the cell
Positive Feedback
When the effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change
Posterior
Toward the back of the body
Proximal
Closest to the point of origin
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into right and left sides
Superficial
At or near the body’s surface
Superior
Situated above something else
Tissue
Specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
Ventral Cavity
Located at the front of the body; consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Epithelial Tissue
Covers or lines body surfaces
Connective Tissue
Connects and supports parts of the body; some transport and store materials
Muscle Tissue
Contracts to produce movement
Nerve Tissue
Generates and transmits impulses to regulate body function
Organ Systems
The human body consists of 11 organ systems
Integumentary System
Consists of skin, hair, and nails
Key Functions:
-Protection
-Temperature Regulation
-Water Retention
-Sensation
Skeletal System
Consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments
Key Functions:
-Protection of body organs
-Support
-Movement
-Blood Formation
Muscular System
Consists primarily of skeletal muscles
Key Functions:
-Movement
-Posture
-Heat Production
Lymphatic System
Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen, and tonsils
Key Functions:
-Role in fluid balance
-Production of immune cells
- Defense against disease
Respiratory System
Consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Key Functions:
-Absorption of oxygen
-Discharge of carbon dioxide
-Acid-base balance
-Speech
Urinary System
Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Key Functions:
-Excretion of wastes
-Regulation of blood volume and pressure
- Control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
Key Functions:
-Control, regulation, and coordination of other systems
-Sensation
-Memory
Endocrine System
Consists of the pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, and other organs
Key Functions:
-Hormone production
-Control and regulation of other systems
Circulatory System
Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
Key Functions:
-Distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells, and antibodies
-Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Digestive System
Consists of the stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, and pancreas
Key Functions:
-Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
-Elimination of wastes
