A: Matter and Chemical Bonding 1.1 Elements and the Periodic Table Flashcards
What is an element?
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
An element is composed entirely of only one kind of atom.
What is a compound?
A pure substance that can be broken down by chemical means to produce two or more pure substances.
A compound contains atoms of more than one element combined in fixed proportions.
Define a metal and the properties of metals.
An element that is a conductor of electricity, malleable, ductile, and lustrous.
What does SATP stand for?
Standard ambient temperature and pressure, defined as exactly 25°C and 100 kPa.
What does STP stand for?
Standard temperature and pressure, defined as exactly 0°C and 101.325 kPa.
What is an empirical definition?
A statement that defines an object or process in terms of observable properties.
Fill in the blank: The ancient peoples discovered that tin could be combined with copper to make a much harder material called _______.
bronze
Which element did Egyptians use to make blue glass?
Cobalt.
Cobalt is a chemical element; it has symbol Co and atomic number 27. As with nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth’s crust only in a chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron.
Cobalt glass—known as “smalt” when ground as a pigment—is a deep blue coloured glass prepared by including a cobalt compound, typically cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate, in a glass melt. Cobalt is a very intense colouring agent and very little is required to show a noticeable amount of colour.
What is the primary use of lead discovered by the Romans?
To make water pipes and eating utensils.
True or False: All metals are liquids at SATP.
False.
What is the notable exception among metals regarding their state at SATP?
Mercury, which is a liquid.
List three observable properties of metals.
- Malleable
- Ductile
- Lustrous
Fill in the blank: Elements can be chemically combined to form more complex pure substances known as _______.
compounds
What was one of the uses of copper in ancient civilizations?
Both decorative and practical uses.
What significant advancement was made around 2500 B.C. in what is now Turkey?
Extraction of iron from iron ore.
What technological advancement allows scientists to create images of atoms?
Technologies developed through modern scientific research.
What are the empirical definitions for metals?
Malleable, ductile, conductors of electricity, lustrous
Metals are often described as shiny and can include elements like iron, copper, and calcium.
What are some examples of metals?
Iron, copper, calcium, vanadium, rhodium, osmium
While some metals are well-known, others like vanadium and osmium may be less familiar.
What are the general properties of nonmetals?
Nonconductors of electricity, mostly gases or solids, brittle, lack lustre
Familiar nonmetals include oxygen, chlorine, sulfur, and neon.
What are examples of familiar nonmetals?
Oxygen, chlorine, sulfur, neon
These nonmetals are commonly encountered in various contexts.
What is the defining characteristic of metalloids?
Do not fit the empirical definition for metals or nonmetals
Metalloids are found near the staircase line on the periodic table.
Name three metalloids.
Boron, silicon, antimony, germanium, arsenic, tellurium…
Metalloids exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals.
True or False: Nonmetals are generally good conductors of electricity.
False
Nonmetals are generally nonconductors of electricity in their solid form.
Fill in the blank: The scientist who suggested using a code of letters as symbols for elements was _______.
Jöns Jacob Berzelius
Berzelius lived from 1779 to 1848 and contributed significantly to the field of chemistry.
What is a challenge in naming elements?
Memorizing all of their names
There are over 100 known elements, making memorization a formidable task.
What is the state of most nonmetals at SATP?
Mostly gases or solids
At standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP), nonmetals predominantly exist in these states.
What is bronze used for?
Bronze was put to use by artists from the moment of its discovery
This piece was created by an artist in ancient China.
Define a nonmetal.
An element that is generally a nonconductor of electricity and is brittle.
What is a metalloid?
An element located near the staircase line on the periodic table, having some metallic and some nonmetallic properties.
What does IUPAC stand for?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
What is the role of IUPAC?
The international body that approves chemical names, symbols, and units.
Where are metalloids located on the periodic table?
Near the blue staircase line that divides metals from nonmetals.
What challenge is associated with memorizing element names?
There are over 100 known elements; memorizing all of their names is a formidable task.
Who suggested using a code of letters as symbols for elements?
Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
In what year did Berzelius suggest the symbol system?
1814.
What does the symbol for each element consist of?
A single uppercase letter or an uppercase letter followed by a lowercase letter.
Why were many element symbols derived from Latin?
Latin was a common language of communication in Berzelius’s day.
How does scientific communication depend on element symbols?
The same symbols are used in all languages, making communication international, precise, logical, and simple.
True or False: The names of elements are the same in different languages.
False.
What is bronze used for?
Bronze was put to use by artists from the moment of its discovery
This piece was created by an artist in ancient China.
Define a nonmetal.
An element that is generally a nonconductor of electricity and is brittle.
What is a metalloid?
An element located near the staircase line on the periodic table, having some metallic and some nonmetallic properties.
Each metalloid element takes many forms, but has at least one shiny, metallic-looking allotrope. Solids are brittle, with nonmetal chemical properties. While metalloids are neither good electrical nor thermal conductors, they make excellent semiconductors and form amphoteric oxides.
List of Metalloids
This is a list of the seven metalloid elements in order of increasing atomic number. Element 117 (tennessine) may also be a metalloid.
5 B Boron
14 Si Silicon
32 Ge Germanium
33 As Arsenic
51 Sb Antimony
52 Te Tellurium
84 Po Polonium
117 Ts Tennessine
Location of the Metalloids on the Periodic Table
The metalloids divide the periodic table along a zig-zag line between the metals on the left and the nonmetals on the right. Usually, the line runs under boron, germanium, antimony, and polonium. But, chemists disagree somewhat on metalloid classification. The line is more of a guide than a rule.
- Metalloids are either dull or shiny.
- Most metalloids are solid at room temperature and pressure.
- These elements conduct heat and electricity, but not as well as the metals.
- Metalloids are good semiconductors.
- Most metalloids are malleable.
- Some metalloids are ductile.
Atoms of metalloid elements both gain and lose electrons in reactions. - Metalloids typically behave as nonmetals in chemical reactions.
- They have electronegativity values between those of metals and nonmetals.
- Their ionization energies are between those of metals and nonmetals.
- They form alloys with metals.
What does IUPAC stand for?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
What is the role of IUPAC?
The international body that approves chemical names, symbols, and units.
Where are metalloids located on the periodic table?
Near the blue staircase line that divides metals from nonmetals.
What challenge is associated with memorizing element names?
There are over 100 known elements; memorizing all of their names is a formidable task.
Who suggested using a code of letters as symbols for elements?
Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
In what year did Berzelius suggest the symbol system?
1814.
What does the symbol for each element consist of?
A single uppercase letter or an uppercase letter followed by a lowercase letter.
Sometimes there is a third letter which is lowercase. This is for new elements that don’t yet have their official name.
Why were many element symbols derived from Latin?
Latin was a common language of communication in Berzelius’s day.
How does scientific communication depend on element symbols?
The same symbols are used in all languages, making communication international, precise, logical, and simple.
True or False: The names of elements are the same in different languages.
False.
What scale was devised for measuring atomic mass?
A scale in which hydrogen had an atomic mass of 1 unit
Who was among the first scientists to consider trends among the properties of elements?
Johann Döbereiner
What is the law of triads?
A concept noted by Döbereiner where groups of three elements have a middle element with an atomic mass about halfway between the other two
Give an example of a triad as per Döbereiner’s law.
Lithium, potassium, sodium
What must evidence do for a statement to be accepted as a law?
Be collected from several examples and replicated by many scientists
True or False: Döbereiner’s law of triads is considered a scientific law.
False
Who arranged all known elements in order of increasing atomic mass in 1864?
John Alexander Newlands
What pattern did Newlands notice among the elements?
Similar physical and chemical properties appeared for every eighth element
What did Newlands call his discovery of the repeating properties of elements?
The law of octaves
List three elements that are soft, silvery-white metals and highly reactive.
- Lithium
- Sodium
- Potassium
What criticism did Newlands’s law of octaves face?
It seemed true only for elements up to calcium
Who was a contemporary of Newlands that also arranged elements by atomic mass?
Julius Lothar Meyer
Fill in the blank: The law of triads was noted by _______.
[Johann Döbereiner]
Fill in the blank: Newlands drew a parallel between the repeating properties of elements and the _______ scale in music.
[octave]
What type of elements did Newlands include in the same family despite not fitting the eighth element pattern?
Rubidium and cesium
What did Newlands observe about the degree of reactivity in soft metals?
It increases as the atomic mass increases within the family
What was the common reaction of the scientific community to Newlands’s findings?
Criticism and ridicule
Who was the German chemist that arranged elements in order of atomic mass around the same time as Newlands?
Julius Lothar Meyer
What did Lothar Meyer observe about the repeating pattern in elements?
A change in length of that repeating pattern
By what year did Lothar Meyer develop a table of the elements that closely resembles the modern periodic table?
1868
Whose work was published after Lothar Meyer’s table of elements?
Dmitri Mendeleev
Who is generally credited with the development of the modern periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
What did Mendeleev’s periodic law state?
Elements arranged in order of increasing atomic mass show a periodic recurrence of properties at regular intervals
In what year did Mendeleev report observing repeated patterns in the properties of elements?
1869
What was the primary focus of Mendeleev’s work in relation to the elements?
Creating a table listing the elements in order of atomic mass
Fill in the blank: Mendeleev’s periodic law stated that elements arranged in order of increasing atomic mass show a periodic _______ of properties.
recurrence
True or False: Mendeleev’s work was published before Lothar Meyer’s.
False
Who was the German chemist that arranged elements in order of atomic mass around the same time as Newlands?
Julius Lothar Meyer
What did Lothar Meyer observe about the repeating pattern in elements?
A change in length of that repeating pattern
By what year did Lothar Meyer develop a table of the elements that closely resembles the modern periodic table?
1868
Whose work was published after Lothar Meyer’s table of elements?
Dmitri Mendeleev
Who is generally credited with the development of the modern periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
What did Mendeleev’s periodic law state?
Elements arranged in order of increasing atomic mass show a periodic recurrence of properties at regular intervals
In what year did Mendeleev report observing repeated patterns in the properties of elements?
1869
What was the primary focus of Mendeleev’s work in relation to the elements?
Creating a table listing the elements in order of atomic mass
Fill in the blank: Mendeleev’s periodic law stated that elements arranged in order of increasing atomic mass show a periodic _______ of properties.
recurrence
True or False: Mendeleev’s work was published before Lothar Meyer’s.
False
What is the periodic law according to Mendeleev?
The properties of the elements are a periodic (regularly repeating) function of their atomic masses.
Mendeleev’s periodic law helped establish the foundation for the modern periodic table.
What is a trend or periodic trend?
A gradual and consistent change in properties within periods or groups of the periodic table.
What did Mendeleev’s periodic table organize elements by?
Horizontal rows in order of atomic mass.
What did Mendeleev’s table reveal about elements with similar properties?
They appear in the same column or group.
What are periodic trends?
Similar but gradually changing properties, such as melting and boiling points.
What did Mendeleev include in his periodic table that indicated undiscovered elements?
Blank spaces where no known elements appeared to fit.
What was Mendeleev’s prediction for the element between silicon and tin?
He proposed an element called ‘eka-silicon’.
What did Mendeleev use to make predictions about undiscovered elements?
His knowledge of periodic trends.
What was discovered sixteen years after Mendeleev’s prediction of eka-silicon?
Germanium.
What was notable about Mendeleev’s predictions?
Their quantitative nature and eventual success.
True or False: Mendeleev’s periodic table was organized by chemical properties.
False.
Fill in the blank: Mendeleev’s periodic table contained blank spaces where no known elements appeared to fit, indicating undiscovered elements.
Who developed the first periodic table?
Mendeleev
What significant development occurred in the 20th century regarding atomic theory?
Profound developments in theories about subatomic particles
In what year did A. van den Broek suggest a rearrangement of the periodic table?
1911
According to A. van den Broek, what should the periodic table be rearranged by?
Atomic number
What did the rearrangement of the periodic table lead to?
A revision of the periodic law
What is the modern definition of the periodic law?
When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, their properties show a periodic recurrence and gradual change.
Fill in the blank: The modern periodic table is arranged by _______.
atomic number
True or False: Mendeleev’s periodic table was based on the internal structure of atoms.
False
What did the modern periodic table show about the properties of elements?
Periodic recurrence and gradual change
List the first three elements in the modern periodic table.
- H
- Li
- Be
What is a period in the context of the periodic table?
A row in the periodic table.
What is a group in the periodic table?
A column of elements in the periodic table, sometimes referred to as a family.
What is the staircase line in the periodic table?
A zigzag line that separates metals (to the left) from nonmetals (to the right).
What does the physical state of each element represent at SATP?
Red for gases, blue for liquids; the remainder are solids.
How many group numbers are there in the periodic table?
18 group numbers.
True or False: Elements in a period have similar chemical properties.
False.
Fill in the blank: Elements are arranged in a _______ row in the periodic table.
horizontal
What happens to the properties of elements as you move from left to right in a period?
Properties change from metallic to nonmetallic.
What does a group in the periodic table indicate?
Elements with similar chemical properties.
What colors are used to represent gases and liquids in the periodic table?
Red for gases, blue for liquids.
What are the traditional names used for groups of elements in the periodic table?
Some groups of elements and two series of elements have traditional names commonly used in scientific communication
The groups include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and others.
What is the position of hydrogen in the periodic table?
Hydrogen’s position is problematic as it behaves like alkali metals, halogens, and sometimes uniquely
This dual behavior has led to debate about its classification.
What is the classification of hydrogen?
Hydrogen is sufficiently different to be in a class by itself.
What do scientists generally agree on regarding the periodic table?
Scientists generally agree on the evidence supporting its general principles and its usefulness in chemistry.
Fill in the blank: An element in Group 1 of the periodic table is called an _______.
[alkali metal]
True or False: The periodic table has no limitations.
False
What are the traditional names used for groups of elements in the periodic table?
Some groups of elements and two series of elements have traditional names commonly used in scientific communication
The groups include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and others.
What is the position of hydrogen in the periodic table?
Hydrogen’s position is problematic as it behaves like alkali metals, halogens, and sometimes uniquely
This dual behavior has led to debate about its classification.
What is the classification of hydrogen?
Hydrogen is sufficiently different to be in a class by itself.
What do scientists generally agree on regarding the periodic table?
Scientists generally agree on the evidence supporting its general principles and its usefulness in chemistry.
Fill in the blank: An element in Group 1 of the periodic table is called an _______.
[alkali metal]
True or False: The periodic table has no limitations.
False
What are alkali metals?
Soft, silver-coloured elements; solids at SATP; react violently with water to form basic solutions and liberate hydrogen gas; stored under oil or in a vacuum
Alkali metals react with halogens to form compounds similar to sodium chloride (NaCl)
What is the general chemical formula for hydrides formed by alkaline earth metals?
XH2
Alkaline earth metals react with hydrogen to form hydrides
What properties do transition metals exhibit?
Exhibit metallic properties; form oxide coatings when exposed to air; react with oxygen to form oxides with the general chemical formula MOs
All except beryllium will react with oxygen
What are noble gases characterized by?
Gases at SATP; low melting and boiling points; extremely unreactive
Krypton, xenon, and radon reluctantly form compounds with fluorine; radon is radioactive
What are the states of halogens at SATP?
May be solids, liquids, or gases
Halogens exhibit nonmetallic properties and are extremely reactive, with fluorine being the most reactive
What defines representative elements?
Includes both metals and nonmetals from Groups 1, 2, and 13 through 17; may be solids, liquids, or gases at SATP
Called representative because they most closely follow the periodic law
Fill in the blank: Alkaline earth metals react with water to liberate _______.
Hydrogen
True or False: Noble gases are highly reactive and readily form compounds.
False
What is a characteristic of alkali metals when exposed to air?
They form oxide coatings
This property is common among transition metals.
What type of compounds do halogens readily react with?
Hydrogen
Halogens are extremely reactive, particularly fluorine.
What is the general chemical formula for oxides formed by transition metals?
MOs
What are alkali metals?
Alkali metals are a group of elements found in Group 1 of the periodic table, characterized by their high reactivity and tendency to form positive ions with a charge of +1.
Examples include lithium, sodium, and potassium.
What are alkaline earth metals?
Alkaline earth metals are elements in Group 2 of the periodic table, known for their reactivity and formation of +2 ions.
Examples include magnesium and calcium.
What defines transition metals?
Transition metals are elements found in Groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table, characterized by variable oxidation states and the ability to form colored compounds.
Examples include iron, copper, and nickel.
What is a characteristic feature of transition metals?
They exhibit a wide range of chemical and physical properties, including strong hardness and high melting points.
They are also good conductors of electricity.
Describe the reactivity of transition metals.
Transition metals have variable reactivity and can form ions with variable charges.
Many react with oxygen to form oxides.
True or False: Transition metals react with solutions of strong acids to form hydrogen gas.
True
Fill in the blank: Transition metals form _______ with variable charges.
ions
What types of compounds do transition metals often form?
Colorful compounds.
The colors arise from d-d electronic transitions.
What are alkali metals?
Alkali metals are a group of elements found in Group 1 of the periodic table, characterized by their high reactivity and tendency to form positive ions with a charge of +1.
Examples include lithium, sodium, and potassium.
What are alkaline earth metals?
Alkaline earth metals are elements in Group 2 of the periodic table, known for their reactivity and formation of +2 ions.
Examples include magnesium and calcium.
What defines transition metals?
Transition metals are elements found in Groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table, characterized by variable oxidation states and the ability to form colored compounds.
Examples include iron, copper, and nickel.
What is a characteristic feature of transition metals?
They exhibit a wide range of chemical and physical properties, including strong hardness and high melting points.
They are also good conductors of electricity.
Describe the reactivity of transition metals.
Transition metals have variable reactivity and can form ions with variable charges.
Many react with oxygen to form oxides.
True or False: Transition metals react with solutions of strong acids to form hydrogen gas.
True
Fill in the blank: Transition metals form _______ with variable charges.
ions
What types of compounds do transition metals often form?
Colorful compounds.
The colors arise from d-d electronic transitions.
