a level biology topic 3

Question 1

what size of organism have high sa:v volume and why is this adavantageous

Answer 1

small organisms
big surface for exchanging surfaces also less distance from outside oraganisms to inside

Question 2

do smaller or larger organism have higher metabolic rates

Answer 2

larger

Question 3

how do larger organisms deal with having low sa:v volume

Answer 3

adaptations of surfaces

Question 4

what is the function of small intestines and what adaptations does it have. what do these adaptations do

Answer 4

purpose to absorb digested food
villi and microvilli increase surface area

Question 5

what is the function of lungs and what adaptations does it have. what do these adaptations do

Answer 5

gas exchange- oxygen and co2 diffuse in and out
alveoli and bronchioles- increase surface area

Question 6

what adaptations do insects have to increase sa:v

Answer 6

spiracles and tracheoles

Question 7

what adaptation do fish have to increase sa:v

Answer 7

gill filament and lamellae

Question 8

defintition of breathing

Answer 8

movement of air in and out of lungs

Question 9

another word for breathing

Answer 9

ventilition

Question 10

respiration in simple words one sentence

Answer 10

chemical reaction to release energy to form atp

Question 11

what is gaseous exchange

Answer 11

diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and of carbon dioxide from blood in alveoli

Question 12

what happens when external intercoastal muscles contract

Answer 12

inspiration

Question 13

what happen when internal intercostal muscles contract

Answer 13

expiration

Question 14

what interncoatal muscles contracts during inspiration. what happens to air pressure in lungs and lung volume

Answer 14

external interecoatal muscles contracts lung volume increases and air pressure increases

Question 15

what interncoatal muscles contracts during expiration what happens to air pressure in lungs and lung volume

Answer 15

internali intercoatastal muscles contract long volume decreases air pressure decreases

Question 16

give me one feature of alveolar epithelium and its purpose

Answer 16

very thin to decrease diffusion distance

Question 17

what are alveolus surrounded by and why is this

Answer 17

capillaries to remove exchanged gases and maintain concentration gases

Question 18

role of lipid layer on insects

Answer 18

prevent water loss

Question 19

role of spircacles

Answer 19

carbon and oxygen enter and leave via spiracles

Question 20

trachea role what do they split into and what is the purpose of this

Answer 20

internal tubes that attach to spiracles. trachea splits into tracheoles. these deliver oxygen to all respiring cells in insects

Question 21

explain three ways in which insects move gases through tracheal system

Answer 21

1)though diffusion as cells respire oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is produced, creating concentration gradient from the tracheoles to the atmosphere
2) abdominal muscles contract and relexe moving gases along
3)in flight muscles cells start to respire anaraobilically producing lactates. this drops water potentials. this causes water to move from tracheal into cells. this decreases volume in the tracheoles and as a result more air from the atmosphere is drawn up.

Question 22

adapatation of tracheal system for efficient diffusion

Answer 22

large number or tracheloes increases sa
use of oxygen and co2 creates steep diffusion gradient
tracheloes walls are short and thin shortening diffusion pathway

Question 23

adaptation of insects to decreases water loss

Answer 23

waterproof exoskeleton
spiracles can open and close to decrease or increase water loss

Question 24

do fish have small or large sa:v ratio and what do the need to deal with this

Answer 24

small so they need adapted exchange surgaces

Question 25

what are fishes adapted exchange surfaces

Answer 25

gills

Question 26

explain the fish gill anotomy

Answer 26

4 layers of gills on both sides of head gills are made of layer of gill fillament gill fillament cover in lamallea at a right angle to fillament when fish open mouth water rushes in and over the gills and out through a hole in dies of head

Question 27

benefits of fish having gill almallae positioned at right angle to fillament

Answer 27

increases sa

Question 28

benefits of thin lammallae and capilarie network in it

Answer 28

short diffusion distance

Question 29

explain contercurrent exchange principle and its adavantageous

Answer 29

water flows at oppostie direction over gills then the flow of blood in capilaries no equilibrum reaches to this ensures diffusion gradient is maintaines across the gill lamellae