A+ Core II 1.0: Operating Systems Flashcards
What version of Windows is used by default by people outside a work environment?
Windows 10/11 Home
What is the purpose of the Windows Defender feature?
Serves as Anti-virus/Anti-Malware
What version of Windows is most commonly used in a business environment?
Windows 10/11 Pro
What features are available with Windows 10/11 Pro?
*Additional management features
*Remote control each computer within the network
*BitLocker
*2TB of physical memory
What is the purpose of the BitLocker feature included in Windows 10/11 Pro?
Allows users to choose to encrypt just their data
What is a Windows Domain?
A collection of Windows devices that allows IT to manage and control Windows configurations of that enterprise
What edition of Windows OS is designed for high-end desktops and gives you more computing power?
Windows 10/11 Pro for Workstations
What is the CPU?
Central Processing Unit; Acts as the computer’s “Control center”
What is a core?
A small CPU built into another that can independently perform or process computational tasks
What is the Resilient File System (ReFS)?
Microsoft’s newest file system, it introduces new features that can precisely detect corruptions and also fix those corruptions while remaining online, helping provide increased integrity and availability for data.
What is NTFS?
New Technology File System: The file system that was introduced with the Windows NT OS. Used for storing and retrieving files on hard disk drives (HDD) and solid-state drives (SSD)
What are the features of Windows 10/11 Enterprise?
*Built for large implementations (many desktops in the environment)
*App locker -Allows admin to control what apps can run
*BranchCache(Faster access to files and data in branch office setting)
*6 TB of physical memory
What is BranchCache?
A feature in Windows Enterprise that enables faster access to files and data in branch office environments
What is an Active Directory Domain Service (AD DS)?
A centralized database that contains users, devices, printers, etc.
True or False: To manage devices in a network, you need active directory servers in many different locations.
True
What is a Windows 10/11 Workgroup?
A way to link together a small number of computers and devices, which can be ideal for home networks and small businesses.
How can Windows desktop styles vary between work and home?
At work:
*Standard desktop
*Common user interface
*Limited customization
*Possible to work on any computer on-premises (within the network)
At home:
*Complete flexibility
*Background photos, colors, UI sizing
What is RDP?
Remote Desktop Protocol: A secure network communication protocol offered by Microsoft that allows users to execute remote operations on other computers
What is needed for someone to connect to your device across the network?
You need to be running a Remote Desktop Service to enable a user to access your device remotely
What is EFS?
Encrypting File System: A feature built into NTFS to protect individual files and folders with encryption
What is encrypted with BitLocker?
The full disk, along with everything on the drive, and even the OS
What is the purpose of the Group Policy editor feature in Windows?
Centrally manage users and systems (can be part of an active directory or a local system)
What command must be input in the run app to enable the Local Group Policy editor?
gpedit.msc
What command must be input into the Windows run app to enable the Group Policy Management Console?
gpmc.msc
What’s the difference between upgrading Windows vs. Installing it?
With a Windows upgrade, you are keeping the files in the system in place. However, when installing Windows onto a device fresh, you are overwriting everything in that system.
What does it mean to do an upgrade “in place”?
By upgrading a system “in place” you are upgrading the existing OS on that system, which in turn keeps all apps, docs, and settings.
What occurs with a clean install in an OS?
This method of upgrading an OS will wipe everything on a system and reload it (files should be backed up if need be). The setup process is started by booting the system from an installation media (DVD, USB)
True or False: With the Windows OS, it is possible to upgrade from x86 to x64?
False, you will have to migrate to the other variant of the Windows version you’re installing.
What are the in-place upgrade paths to Windows 10?
*Windows 7
*Windows 8.1 (Not Windows 8.0)
What are the in-place upgrade paths to Windows 11?
Only Windows 10
What command lists files and directories?
[dir]
What commands allow a user to change a directory?
[cd] or [chdir]
What commands are used to make/change/remove directories?
[MD]/[CD]/[RD] or [mkdir]/[chdir]/[rmdir]
Each partition is assigned a letter in the file system. Which letter usually represents the primary storage drive in a standard Windows OS?
C:
What command displays the name of the device a user is currently operating on?
[hostname]
What occurs with the [format] command in Windows?
Formats a disk for use with Windows (creates a file system within a partition)
What command is used to copy a file, and what do the [/v] and [/y] features do?
[copy]
[/v]=Verifies that new files are written correctly
[/y]=Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to overwrite an existing destination file
What occurs with the [xcopy] command?
Allows a user to copy multiple files and directories
What is [robocopy]?
Robust copy; A functionally better version of [xcopy]
What command performs a shutdown? And what do the [/r /t nn] [/s /t nn] and [/a] features do for this command?
[shutdown] will perform a system shutdown.
With [shutdown /s /t nn], the system waits nn seconds before shutting down.
With [shutdown /r /t nn] this will shutdown and restart the user’s device
With [shutdown /a], this will abort the countdown for shutdown
What is the purpose of [diskpart] command in Windows?
Allows a user to manage disk configurations
What are FAT files
FAT=File Allocation Table
These are file systems developed for hard drives by Microsoft
What command can display the About WIndows dialog (allow you to check current Windows version)
[winver]
When managing Group Policy, what command can help a user update the Group Policy settings?
[gpupdate]
What command allows you to get IP address information on a system, as well as having control over network adapters?
[ipconfig]
What is TCP and why is it used?
Transmission Control Protocol: A communications standard for delivering data and messages through networks
What is Internet Protocol (IP)
A set of rules governing the format of data sent over the internet or other networks
What can the [/all] function do for you in the [ipconfig] command?
It gives you extended details on your device’s IP info
What is DHCP?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: A network protocol that is used to configure network devices to communicate on an IP network. It functions between the router and host and assigns Private IP addresses to the hosts.
What is a gateway?
A node that connects two networks with different transmission protocols together (A common example is your home router, this is a gateway from your home or enterprise network to the internet)
What is the function of the [ping] command?
This is used to test the reachability between your system and a particular host across an IP network
What command helps a user see all active connections?
[netstat -a]
What is output with [netstat -b]?
The binaries are shown with this command (requires elevation)
What does [-n] do in the [netstat] command
Displays IP addresses and port numbers in numerical form
What command can help you find information from DNS servers?
[nslookup]
What can the [net] commands do for you in Windows?
View and configure network properties connected to you computer
What command can help you find what route a packet is taking to a destination?
[tracert]
What is ICMP?
Internet Control Message Protocol: It’s used by network devices to diagnose network communication issues.
What is the [pathping] command]?
It’s a function that combines the [ping] function with the [tracert] command to troubleshoot network issues, especially ones related to latency and performance
In the services tab in the task manager, what do you find?
Hundreds of background processes and non-interactive apps controlled by the OS.
What does the startup tab within the task manager allow you to do?
Manage which programs start with a Windows login.
What can be found in the processes tab in the task manager?
Here, you can view all running processes from all accounts on that system.
What is found in the performance tab in Task Manager?
You can view the current state of the CPU, memory, etc. in a historical and real-time format.
What is the use of the networking section in Task Manager?
This tab is integrated into the performance tab in modern systems. This can be used to view utilization, link speeds, and interface connection state
What is the Users tab used for in Task Manager?
Used to see who is connected, and what they are doing at the moment. You can also disconnect a user and manage user accounts here.
What is the Microsoft Management Console?
It’s an app that gives you the ability to build your own console, which are tools used to manage the hardware, software, and network components of your OS.
What can you type in the Windows tab to open the Microsoft Management Console?
mmc.exe
What is the function of the event viewer console?
Shows a detailed log of significant events on a system
What is the use of the Disk Management console?
This is used to manage disk operations for individual computers and file servers
What can be typed into Windows to run the event viewer?
eventvwr.msc
What can be typed into Windows to open the Disk Management console?
diskmgmt.msc
What can be performed with the Task Scheduler app?
You can schedule an app or script in your system.
How can you open the Task Scheduler app on Windows?
taskchd.msc
What is the use of the Device Manager in Windows?
To manage and configure hardware devices on your computer
How can the Device Manager be accessed in Windows?
devmgmt.msc
What is a digital certificate?
A file or electronic passcode that verifies the authenticity of a device, server, or user.
What can the Certificate Manager be used for in Windows?
View/add/remove user and trusted certs
What can be typed into Windows to access the Certificate Manager?
certmgr.msc
What is the Local Users and Group Management app?
A shell application to manage Windows system admin apps and local and remote devices on the network.
What command opens the Local Users and Groups app in Windows?
lusrmgr.msc
What can the Performance Monitor App help with?
Gathering long-term stats on OS metrics, such as Disk, memory, CPU, etc. .
What is the command to run the Performance Monitor app?
perfmon.msc
What is the Group Policy Editor used for?
Centrally manage users and systems
What is the command to run Group Policy Editor?
gpmc.msc
What is the Local Group Policy Editor?
Used to manage the local devices
What command runs the Local Group Policy Editor?
gpedit.msc
What application gives you an overview of your Windows system?
msinfo32.exe (System Info)
What can be found in the resource monitor application?
A detailed real-time view of your system’s performance
What can be managed with the System Configuration app in Windows?
Here, you can manage the boot process, startup, services, etc. .
What application can find any unused or unneeded files, in order to free up space?
Disk Cleanup (cleanmgr.exe)
What application moves file fragments so they are contiguous, making it easier for the disk drive to read and write?
Defragment and Optimize Drives (defrag)
What application allows you to edit and backup your system registry in Windows?
Registry Editor (regedit.exe)
How can you access the indexing options in the Control Panel?
Control Panel>Larger Icons>Indexing Options
Difference between Hibernate and Sleep
Hibernate: Open docs and apps are saved to the disk and use less power
Sleep: Open apps are saved to the RAM, making the computer draw a little more power than hibernate
What can be done in the Ease of Access center in the control panel?
This allows you to add user usability enhancements such as changing display, keyboards, mouse, and other input/output options
What is a proxy server?
A system or router that provides a gateway between users and the internet
What is bandwidth?
The rate at which data flows from one point to another. More bandwidth=more data flow
What is DHCP?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. A client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol host (IP) with its IP address.
What is APIPA?
Automatic Private IP Addressing: When a computer is having trouble communicating with a DHCP server, or a DHCP server is down, it is automatically assigned an APIPA, allowing it to communicate with devices within the same subnet mask.
What is WPA2?
Wi-Fi Protected Access 2: An encrypted security that protects internet traffic on wireless networks
What protocol is used for network authentication in large organizations?
802.1X
What is the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)?
A framework (not a protocol) designed to support multiple authentication methods. It specifies the structure of an authentication communication between a client and an authentication server.
What are some differences between 32-bit OSes and 64
-bit?
*How much RAM is available for the OS to access
*32-bit OSes cannot run 64-bit apps
*64-bit OSes CAN run 32-bit apps
What are some differences between integrated graphics and Dedicated graphics in a system?
Integrated graphics:
*CPU and GPU use the same chip
*Uses system memory for graphics
*Common in laptops or smartphones
Dedicated Graphics:
*Uses a discrete graphics card, a piece of hardware with its own CPU
*Uses its own VRAM (Video RAM)
*Common on devices with high-end graphics requirements (Gaming PC)
What are gigahertz in a CPU?
A unit of measurement to determine how many calculations the processor can perform per second. Higher clock speeds generate more heat
What is a hardware token?
A piece of hardware (USB or Keychain fob) that authorizes users for certain high-end apps with high per-seat licensing costs.
What is a FAT file system?
File Allocation Table: This is one of the first PC-based file systems. It is compatible with many OSes including Windows, Linux, and macOS.Used in removable media such as floppy disk, USB, memory cards, etc.
What is the NTFS file system?
NT File System: This was first introduced with Windows NT back in 1993. This has extensive improvements over the FAT 32 file system. Though many OSes can read NTFS files, their functionality is very limited.
Besides FAT and NTFS, what are some other file systems?
*ext3-ext4: A third-party file system commonly used with Linux or Android
*APFS: Apple File System; This is also included in iOS and iPadOS, and is optimized for solid-state drives.
What are some boot methods for OS installation?
*USB storage
*PXE (“Pixie”)
*SSD/Hard-drive
*Internet-based
*External drive/ Hot Swappable Drive
What is PXE boot?
PXE (“Pixie”) boot is a boot method for operating systems usually used in an enterprise setting. It allows users/admins to install OSes to other devices remotely.
What are the different installation types for OSes?
*Recovery
*Clean Install
*Image Deployment
*Repair Installation
True or False: If you’re installing an OS to a fresh hard drive, creating a partition is not necessary.
False
What is required to install these days when you install an OS?
GPT partition style
What is the GPT partition style?
GUID Partition Table: The latest standard for the layout of partition tables of a physical storage device, such as a hard disk or an SSD.
What does GUID stand for in GPT partition style?
GUID- Globally Unique Identifier: A unique identifier that is assigned to a newly created partition.
Is a UEFI BIOS necessary for installing a GPT partition style?
Yes
What was the old partition style used before hard drives were larger than 2TB
MBR (Master Boot Record) Partition: These partitions used a subset of two types of partitions, extended partitions and logical drives.
What are the different file types on a macOS?
1) .dmg: Apple Disk Image= Mountable as a drive on Finder. This can be used to launch a set up program
2) .pkg: Installer Package: This is used to distribute software (similar to setup.exe in Windows)
3) .app: Application bundle= Contains necessary files to use an app
Where can you find the centralized location for updates and packages for both the OS and apps on macOS?
App store, under the “Updates” option
Break down the app uninstallation process on macOS.
1: Move the .app file to the Trash
2: For some applications, you’ll need to run the uninstallation program, which is usually contained in the .app folder
Where can you view and configure backup settings on macOS?
Time Machine
What feature on macOS allows a user to access customization and personalization options (similar to Windows Control Panel)?
System Preferences
What is the function of the Mission Control and Spaces feature on macOS?
Allows you to view all of your active windows on one screen, or desktop.
What is the password management feature that is integrated into macOS?
Keychain
What is the built-in search engine called on macOS, and where is it located?
Spotlight; It can be found in the top right corner of your desktop, indicated by a magnifying glass icon.
What is the macOS/Apple-based cloud provider that helps integrate Apple tech?
iCloud
What is the central OS file manager in macOS?
Finder
What is the feature that allows you to use an optical drive from another computer on macOS?
Remote Disc
Where can you manage disks, images, and access file system utilities on macOS?
Disk Utility
If an app is frozen or is dealing with some issues, what is a feature that can be used on macOS to stop an app from executing?
Force Quit= Command-Option-Escape
What command prints the working directory in Linux?
pwd
How do you change the mode of a file system object in the Linux terminal?
chmod (mode) [file]
Input a command that allows the owner of the file “script.sh” to execute the file.
chmod u+x script.sh
What command allows you to change the file owner and group?
chown [OWNER GROUP] “file”
What command allows you to become the super user, following every command after?
su
What command accesses the advanced packaging tools from red hat distros?
yum= Yellowdog Updater, Modified (same functionality as apt-get)
What command lets you view the amount of free space left on a disk in Linux?
df= Disk Free
What Linux command can be used to find text or a pattern in a very large file?
grep [PATTERN] [FILE]
What command displays the current process, and the process ID in Linux?
ps (similar to Windows Task Manager)
What extension allows you to see all processes on a device in Linux?
ps -e | more
What command can help you view CPU, RAM, and resource utilization on Linux?
top
What does the ‘find’ command do in Linux?
Find a file by name or extension
What is the functionality of the ‘dig’ command in Linux?
Lookup info from DNS servers
What command can copy files to the screen, or copy files into another file?
cat
What are some backup options in Linux?
1) tar
2) rsync
True or False: There are a lot of malware and viruses for Linux.
False
What is the SMB protocol?
Server Message Block = Protocol used by Windows to share files and printers.
What application adds SMB to Linux?
Samba
