A Childs Journey - Development Flashcards
What are the phases of childhood?
- Neonate
- <4 weeks
- Infant
- <12 months
- Toddler
- 1-2 years
- Pre-school
- 2-5 years
- School age
- Teenanger/adolescent
What ages are the following phases:
- neonate
- infant
- toddler
- pre-school
- school age
- teenanger/adolescent
- Neonate
- <4 weeks
- Infant
- <12 months
- Toddler
- 1-2 years
- Pre-school
- 2-5 years
- School age
- Teenanger/adolescent
What is the development of children?
Is the gaining of functional skills throughout childhood:
- A gradual yet rapid process
- Typically birth to 5 years (but brains develop in utero)
- Fairly consistent pattern but rate will vary between people
- Cell growth, migration, connection, pruning and myelination (use it or lose it)
What are the 5 key developmental fields?
- Gross motor
- Fine motor
- Social and self-help
- Speech and language
- Hearing and vision
What gross motor skills are achieved by:
- 3 months
- 6 months
- 9 months
- 12 months
- 18 months
- 2 years
- 2.5 years
- 3 months
- Lifts head and chest when lying on stomach
- Turns around when lying on front
- 6 months
- Rolls over from back to front
- Sits steadily without support (by 8-9 months)
- 9 months
- Crawls on hands
- Pulls to stand
- Walks around furnature while holding on
- 12 months
- Stands without support
- Walks without help (by 18 months)
- Runs (some falls)
- 18 months
- Kicks a ball forward
- Runs well (few falls)
- Walks up and down stairs without support
- 2 years
- Climbs on play equipment such as ladders and slides
- 2.5 years
- Stands on one foot without support
- Walks up and down stairs one foot per step
What fine motor skills are achieved by:
- 3 months
- 6 months
- 9 months
- 12 months
- 18 months
- 2 years
- 2.5 years
- 3 months
- Looks at and reaches for faces and toys
- Picks up toy with one hand
- 6 months
- Transfers toy from one hand to other
- Uses two hands to pick up large object
- 9 months
- Picks up small objects with thumb and finger pincer grip
- 12 months
- Stacks 2 or more blocks
- Picks up 2 small toys in one hand
- 18 months
- Builds towards of 4 or more blocks
- Scribbles with crayon
- Turns pages of picture books one at a time
- 2 years
- Scribbles with circular motion
- 2.5 years
- Draws of copies vertical lines
- Cuts with small sizzors
When should children sit steadily without support by?
8-9 months
When should children walk without help by?
18 months
When should children pick up small objects with thumb and finger in pincer grip be achieved by?
9 months
When should scribbling with crayon be achieved by?
18 months
What language skills are developed by:
- 3 months
- 6 months
- 9 months
- 12 months
- 18 months
2 years
- 2.5 years
- 3 months
- Cries in special way when hungry
- Makes sounds like “ah ah”
- Laughs
- 6 months
- Babbles
- Responds to name (turns and looks)
- Makes sounds like “da-da”
- 9 months
- Understands phrases like “no-no”
- 12 months
- Has 1 or 2 words with meaning
- Uses “mama” or “dada” specifically for parents or similar
- 18 months
- Uses at least 10 words
- Asks for drink or food using words or sounds
- Names a few familiar objects in picture books
- Follows two part instructions
- Starts to joint words into sentence (21-24 months)
-
2 years
- Has vocabularly of around 30-50 words
- 2.5 years
- Speaks clearly, understandable most of the time
- Knows what to do with objects such as a hat or biscuit
When should children respond to their name by looking by?
6 months
When should children be able to make sounds like “da-da” or “ma-ma” by?
6 months
When should children have 1 or 2 wors with meaning by?
12 months
When should children use “mama” or “dada” specifically for parents attention by?
12 months
When should children start to joint words into sentences by?
21-24 months
What social skills should be achieved by:
- 3 months
- 6 months
- 9 months
- 12 months
- 18 months
- 2 years
- 2.5 years
- 3 months
- Social smile (by 6-8 weeks)
- Distinguishes mother from others
- 6 months
- Reaches for familiar people
- Pushes things away they dont want
- 9 months
- Looks for objects that fall out of sight - object promanence (9-12 months)
- Stranger awareness
- Plays peek-a-boo
- Waves “bye bye”
- 12 months
- Gives kisses or hugs
- Shows shared attention/pointing to things of interest
-
18 months
- Sometimes says “no” when interfere with
- Shows sympathy to other children
- Early pretend play
- Usually responds to correction by stopping
- 2 years
- “Help” with simple household tasks
- 2.5 years
- Plays with other children
- Plays role in “pretend” games
- Plays games such as hide and seek
When should children do a social smile by?
6-8 weeks
When should children look for objects that fall out of sight by?
9-12 months
When should children show shared attention/pointing to things of interest by?
12 months
When should children perform early pretend play by?
18 months
What self-help skills are achieved at the following:
- 3 months
- 6 months
- 9 months
- 12 months
- 18 months
- 2 years
- 2.5 years
- 3 months
- Reacts to seeing bottle/breast
- Comfors self with thumb/dummy
- 6 months
- Feeds self biscuits or similar food
- 9 months
- Picks up a spoon by hands
- 12 months
- Lifts cup to mouth
- Insists on doing things by self such as feeding
- Feeds self with spoon
- 18 months
- Eats with fork
- Eats with spoon spilling a little
- Takes off open coat or shirt without help
- 2 years
- Opens door by turning knob
- 2.5 years
- Washes and dries hands
- Dresses self with help
When should children feed self with spoon by?
12 months
When should the following be done by:
- sits steadily without support
- walks without help
- picks up small objects with thumb and finger
- scribbles with crayon
- respond to name
- make sounds like “dada”
- have 1 or 2 words with meaning
- use “dada” or “mama” specifically for parents
- early pretend play
- social smile
- look for objects that falls out of sight
- stranger awareness
- show shared attention/pointing to things of interest
- early pretend play
- feed self with spoon
- When should the following be done by:
- sits steadily without support
- 8-9 months
- sits steadily without support
- walks without help
- 18 months
- walks without help
- picks up small objects with thumb and finger
- 9 months
- picks up small objects with thumb and finger
- scribbles with crayon
- 18 months
- scribbles with crayon
- respond to name
- 6 months
- respond to name
- make sounds like “dada”
- 6 months
- make sounds like “dada”
- have 1 or 2 words with meaning
- 12 months
- have 1 or 2 words with meaning
- use “dada” or “mama” specifically for parents
- 12 months
- use “dada” or “mama” specifically for parents
- early pretend play
- 18 months
- early pretend play
- social smile
- 6-8 weeks
- social smile
- look for objects that falls out of sight
- 9-12 months
- look for objects that falls out of sight
- stranger awareness
- 9 months
- stranger awareness
- show shared attention/pointing to things of interest
- 12 months
- show shared attention/pointing to things of interest
- early pretend play
- 18 months
- early pretend play
- feed self with spoon
- 12 months
- feed self with spoon
When should a child be able to draw copies of complete circle by?
3 years
When should child be able to draw person with 3 parts?
4.5 years
When should child be able to follow series of simple instructions in order by?
3.5 years
When should a child be able to do the following by:
- draw copies of complete circle
- draw person with 3 parts
- follow series of simple instructions
- Draw copies of complete circle
- 3 years
- Draw person with 3 parts
- 4.5 years
- Follow series of simple instructions
- 3.5 years
What are 3 possible different development patterns?
- Normal
- Global delay
- Delay in specific domain
What are milestones?
- Achievement of key development skills
- Social smile, sitting, walking, first words
When should children be refered for not meeting milestone?
- For example mean walking age is 12 months, some may walk by 9-10 months, refer if not walking by 18 months
What are red flags for referal?
- No social smile by 2 months
- Not sitting unsupported by 9 months
- Not walking unsupported by 18 months
- No words by 2 years
- Loss of developmental skills
- Concerns regarding vision
- Hearing loss
- Persistent low muscle tone
- Asymmetry of movements/increased muscle tone
When does the following become red flags:
- no social smile
- not sitting unsupported
- not walking unsupported
- no words
- No social smile
- By 2 months
- Not sitting unsupported
- By 9 months
- Not walking unsupported
- By 18 months
- No words
- By 2 years
What are some “normal variations” to be recognised in terms of milestones?
- Early developers
- Late normal
- Bottom shufflers – walking delay
- Bilingual families – apparent language delay
- Familial traits
What are some factors that influence development?
- Genetics
- Family, race, gender
- Environment
- Positive early childhood experience
- Developing brain vulnerable to insults
- Antenatal
- Postnatal
- Abuse and neglect
What are some adverse antenatal and postnatal environmental factors for development?
- Antenatal
- Infections (CMV, rubella, toxo, VZV)
- Toxins (alcohol, smoking, snit-epileptics)
- Postnatal
- Infections (meningitis, encephalitis)
- Toxins (solvents, mercury, lead)
- Trauma (head injuries)
- Malnutrition (iron, folate, vitamin D)
- Metabolic (hypoglycaemia, hyper and hyponatraemia)
- Maltreatment/under stimulation/domestic violence
- Maternal mental health issues
What is developmental screening done by?
Healthy Child Programme (HCP) UK
What is the best way to evaluate development?
Best way to evaluate development is to observe play and activity and try to guess the age
