A brief history of microbiology

Question 1

Who was the first person who discovered the bacterial world?
V L

Answer 1

Van Leeuwunhoek

Question 2

Who developed a taxonomic system?
(a system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organism together: scientific name made of two names: A genus & a specific epithet (species) name

Ex: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphy= cluster
Cocccus= round or sphere
Epidermi= outer layer

Answer 2

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 3

What are the types of microorganisms?

Answer 3

Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Bacteria and Archaea
Viruses
Multicellular animal parasites

Question 4

What type of microorganism is this?

Yeast & Mold (Hyphea),
made of one cell(Unicellular),
its a Eukaryotes,
cell wall: Chitin, and absorbs organic materials.

Answer 4

Fungi

Question 5

What type of microorganism is this?

• Classified by their method of locomotion
• Possess cilia, flagella or pseudopodia
• Unicellular
• Have complex cells
• Has Eukaryotes

Answer 5

Protozoa

Proto=Before
Zoa= animal

Question 6

What type of microorganism is this?
Photosynthetic  organisms
*Provide most of the oxygen on Earth
*Source of food for aquatic and marine animals
*Like seaweeds and kelps

Answer 6

Algae

Question 7

What type of microorganism is this?

• Prokaryotes
• They lack nuclei
• They have Cell wall

Answer 7

Bacteria and Archeae

Question 8

What type of microorganism is this?

Not composed of cells(acellular/ non living)Cannot metabolize nutrients (obligatory parasites)Cannot reproduce themselvesComposed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) & protein coatSmaller than prokaryotic cells (not visible with light microscope)

Answer 8

Viruses

Question 9

What type of microorganism is this?

Like Helminth : they need animal host (or human) in their life cycle.They have microscopic eggs or larva which make them to be considered in Microbiology field.

Answer 9

Parasitic worms

Question 10

What did Redi’s experiment experimented?

Answer 10

Francesco Redi demonstrated by the series of experiments that when decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed.

Question 11

What did Needha’s spallanzani’s Experiments experimented?

Answer 11

Needham boiled beef gravy and tightly sealed with corks. Some days later, he observed the vials were cloudy and bacteria grew.Spallanzani boiled the broth for an hour and sealed the vials by melting their necks closed. His vials remained clear and nothing grew.

Question 12

What is the spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis?

Answer 12

Pasteur’s Expirements

Question 13

Write down the Pasteur experiment steps.

Answer 13

• Providing food source that would support growth
• Supplying air
• Keeping microorganisms out
• Removing microorganisms that were initially present
• Flasks with the S-shape necks
• Boiling the infusions to kill any microbes present
• Long incubation of flasks
• The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened

Question 14

Scientific Method:

________ for investigation life (unknown), Is the way problems are investigated

Answer 14

Protocol

Question 15

Scientific Method:

_______-educated guess, testable statement (answer to question).

Answer 15

Hypothesis

Question 16

Scientific method:

_______(an adjustable condition), one at the time

Answer 16

Variable

Question 17

Scientic method:

_______-(the comparative condition), group that are treated exactly the same as the other groups in the experiment, except for the one variable that the experiment is designed to test.

Answer 17

Control

Question 18

What are the step of the scientific method?

Answer 18

1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Prediction
5. Test
6. Analysis of result

Question 19

What cause fermentation?

Answer 19

• The microbial production of alcohol from sugar : yeast ferment grape juice to alcohol. Bacteria ferment juice to acid
• Yeast can grow with or without oxygen (Facultative anaerobes)
• Bacteria produce acid in grape juice
• Yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice
• Yeast can grew in sealed & open flasks of grape juice

Question 20

________-A process of heating the grape juice just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria without changing the juice’s basic qualities

Answer 20

Pasteurization

Question 21

__________-microorganisms might cause disease

Answer 21

Germ theory of disease:

Question 22

_______- produces disease

Answer 22

Pathogens

Question 23

_________-the study of the causation of disease

Answer 23

Etiology

Question 24

__________-Is the field that microbes are intentionally used to manufacture products (like: cheese, Bread, soy sauce, alcoholic beverages, Vinegar)

Answer 24

industrial Microbiology or Biotechnology:

Question 25

What is the Koch's experiment?

Answer 25

* Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease * He developed the method to prove the cause of infectious disease (anthrax, Tb) * Isolation of microbes in the lab

Question 26

What is the Gram's stain?

Answer 26

Hans Christian Gram in 1877: developed a simple staining technique pink(G- )& purple(G+)

Question 27

How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? What type is this? _________-He required medical students to wash their hands

Answer 27

Semmelweis & handwashing

Question 28

How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? What type is this? ________-He began spraying wounds & surgical incisions with Carbolic acid (the use of chemical to reduce the incidence of infection during surgery)

Answer 28

Lister”Antiseptic technique

Question 29

How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? What type is this? _________-She introduced cleanliness and other antiseptic techniques into nursing practice.

Answer 29

Nightingale & Nursing

Question 30

How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? What type is this? ________-His study was the foundation for two branches of microbiology-infection control & Epidemiology.

Answer 30

Snow & Epidemiology

Question 31

Basic chemical reactions of life; ___________: the study of the chemical reactions associated with living things:1.Design of herbicides & pesticides 2.Diagnosis of illnesses3.The treatment of metabolic disease 4.Design of drugs

Answer 31

Biochemistry

Question 32

how do gene work?

Answer 32

Microbial genetics: study of inheritance in microorganisms(Oswald Avery, Tatum & Beadle)1.Molecular Biology: combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology & genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level ( genome sequencing & Carl Woese’s 3 domain system).2.Recombinant DNA Technology3.Gene Therapy

Question 33

What did Ehrlich discovered?

Answer 33

Ehrlich discovered that chemicals could be used to kill microorganisms differentially (Chemotherapy ). He introduced the idea of a “magic bullet” after

Question 34

Who discovered penicillin?

Answer 34

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin

Question 35

_________- the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments (Environmental microbiology)

Answer 35

Bioremediation

Question 36

________-the study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease

Answer 36

Epidemiology

Question 37

________- refers to an infection acquired in a health care setting

Answer 37

Nosocomial

Question 38

______-the study of blood components that fight infection

Answer 38

Serology

Question 39

_______-he study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens (Jenner & vaccina virus)

Answer 39

Immunology