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MICROPARA LEC And LAB FINALS > A. Bacillus Anthracis > Flashcards

A. Bacillus Anthracis Flashcards

1
Q
  • the etiologic agent of anthrax

* a Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, with a width of 1.0–1.2 µm and a length of 3–5 µm

A

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS

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2
Q

spore forming rod and a gram-positive reaction

A

ANTHRAX

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3
Q

spread by contact with the spores of the bacteria, which are often from infectious animal products

A

ANTHRAX

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4
Q

a severe illness caused by bacteria named Bacillus anthracis.

A

ANTHRAX DISEASE

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5
Q

can result in pneumonia, blood infection, and death

A

ANTHRAX DISEASE

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6
Q

Risk Factors of Anthrax Disease

A

who work with animals or animal products, travelers, postal workers, and military personnel

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7
Q

TYPES of Anthrax Disease

A

Lung Anthrax/ Pneumonia
Skin Anthrax
Intestine Anthrax

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8
Q

Disease after an intentional release of anthrax and occurs by breathing in anthrax spores.

A

Lung Anthrax or Pneumonia

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9
Q

o Symptoms include fever, shortness of breath, cough, fatigue, and chills
o . This can last hours to days.

A

1st stage of Pneumonia

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10
Q

stage occurs when the infection spreads from the lymph nodes to the lungs.

A

2nd stage of pnemonia

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11
Q

spores enter the body through a break in the skin

A

Skin Anthrax

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12
Q

Hide porter’s disease

A

Cutaneous Disease

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13
Q

when anthrax occurs on the skin. It is the most common form (>90% of anthrax cases)

A

Cutaneous Disease

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14
Q

a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center (eschar).

A

Cutaneous Disease

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15
Q

• occurs after eating undercooked meat from an animal that has anthrax infection. An upset stomach develops 2-5 days afterward.

A

Intestine Anthrax

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16
Q

he took a blood sample from an infected cow, isolated the bacteria and put them into a mouse

A

Robert Koch 1876

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17
Q

Woolsorters’ disease because it was an occupational hazard for people who sorted wool.

A

Inhalational anthrax

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18
Q

Can enter the human body through the intestines (ingestion), lungs (inhalation), or skin (cutaneous) and causes distinct clinical symptoms based on its site of entry.

A

Anthrax

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19
Q

protect against cutaneous and inhalation anthrax

A

Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA)

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20
Q

can be treated with β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin

A

Infections with B. anthracis

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21
Q

can be treated with fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin

A

• Penicillin-resistant B. anthracis

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22
Q

also known as pertussis or 100-day cough) is a highly contagious bacterial disease

A

Whooping Cough

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23
Q

• Causative Agent of whooping cough

A

Bordetella pertussis

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24
Q

a bacterial infection that gets into your nose and throat.

A

Whooping Cough

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25
Q
  • It spreads very easily, but vaccines like DTaP and Tdap can help prevent it in children and adults.
  • It is a gram-Negative satin reaction
  • A rod shape Bacteria
A

Whooping cough

26
Q

Sign and symptoms in whooping cough

A

coughing
• Sneezing
• Runny nose
• Low fever (below 102 F)
• symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose, fever, and mild cough. This is then followed by weeks of severe coughing fits.
• Following a fit of coughing, a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in.
• The classic symptoms of pertussis are a paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, and fainting, or vomiting after coughing

27
Q

a sudden recurrence or intensification of symptoms, such as a spasm or seizure. The word paroxysm means “sudden attack, outburst”

A

Paroxysmal attacks or paroxysms (severe attacks)

28
Q

You may also have diarrhea early on. (Sign and symptoms)

A

Paroxysmal attacks or paroxysms (severe attacks)

29
Q

time between exposure and the development of symptoms is on average 7–14 days (range 6–20 days), rarely as long as 42 days

A

Incubation period of whooping cough

30
Q

caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person

A

Pertussis

31
Q

Methods use in laboratory diagnosis in whooping cough

A

culturing of nasopharyngeal swabs on a nutrient medium (Bordet-Gengou medium),
polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), and serological methods (e.g. complement fixation test)

32
Q

The primary method of prevention for pertussis is

A

Vaccination

33
Q

Causative agent of tetanus/ lockjaw

A

Clostridium tetani

34
Q

this bacterium produces a toxin that affects the brain and nervous system, leading to stiffness in the muscles.

A

Clostridium tetani

35
Q

deposited in a wound, the neurotoxin interferes with nerves that control muscle movement.

A

Clostridium tetani spores

36
Q

• The bacteria spores then spread to the central nervous system and produce a toxin

A

tetanospasmin

37
Q

o This toxin is a poison that blocks the nerve signals from your spinal cord to your muscles.
o This can lead to severe muscle spasms.

A

tetanospasmin

38
Q

interferes with the signals traveling from the brain to the nerves in the spinal cord, and then on to the muscles, causing muscle spasms and stiffness.

A

tetanospasmin

39
Q

Tetanus infection has been associated with:

A
  1. crush injuries
  2. injuries with dead tissue
  3. burns
  4. puncture wounds from piercings, tattoos, injection drug use, or injury (such as stepping on a nail)
  5. wounds contaminated with dirt, feces, or saliva
40
Q

Less commonly, it’s been associated with:

A
  1. animal bites
  2. dental infections
  3. insect bites
  4. chronic sores and infections
41
Q

The early symptoms of tetanus include:

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. fever
  3. headache
42
Q

Sx of tetanus

A
  1. Tetanus affects the nerves that control your muscles, which can lead to difficulty swallowing.
  2. You may also experience spasms and stiffness in various muscles, especially those in your jaw, abdomen, chest, back, and neck.
  3. Fast heart rate
  4. fever
  5. sweating
  6. high blood pressure
  7. Sore throat
43
Q

Incubation period of tetanus

A

exposure to the bacteria and the onset of illness — is between 3 and 21 days.

appear within 14 days of initial infection.

44
Q

Diagnosis in tetanus

A

 Your doctor will perform a physical exam to check for symptoms of tetanus, such as muscle stiffness and painful spasms.
 Unlike many other diseases, tetanus is not generally diagnosed through laboratory tests. However, your doctor may still perform lab tests to help rule out diseases with similar symptoms.
 These include meningitis, a bacterial infection that affects the brain and spinal cord, or rabies, a viral infection that causes brain swelling.
 Your doctor will also base a tetanus diagnosis on your immunization history. You’re at a higher risk of tetanus if you haven’t been immunized or if you’re overdue for a booster shot.

45
Q

treatment in Tetanus

A

 Treatment depends on the severity of your symptoms. Tetanus is typically treated with a variety of therapies and medications, such as:
• antibiotics such as penicillin to kill the bacteria in your system
• tetanus immune globulin (TIG) to neutralize the toxins that the bacteria have created in your body
• muscle relaxers to control muscle spasms
• a tetanus vaccine given along with the treatment
• cleaning the wound to get rid of the source of the bacteria

46
Q

A surgical procedure used to remove dead or infected tissue. If you have difficulty swallowing and breathing, you may need a breathing tube or ventilator (a machine that moves air in and out of the lungs).

A

debridement

47
Q

Rare ways of contracting tetanus

A
  1. Surgical procedures
  2. Superficial wounds
  3. Insect bites
  4. Compound fractures
  5. Intravenous drug use
  6. Injections into the muscle (intramuscular)
  7. Dental infections
48
Q

Complications
If the patient does not receive treatment, the risk of life-threatening complications is higher - mortality rates vary from 40-76 percent - symptoms may include:

A
  1. Fractures - sometimes, in severe cases, the muscle spasms and convulsions may lead to bone fractures.
  2. Aspiration pneumonia - if secretions or contents of the stomach are inhaled, a lower respiratory tract infection can develop, leading to pneumonia.
  3. Laryngospasm - the larynx (voice box) goes into a spasm which can last up to a minute and cause breathing difficulties. In severe cases, the patient can suffocate.
  4. Tetanic seizures - if infection spreads to the brain, the patient can have epileptic-like fits (seizures).
  5. Pulmonary embolism - a blood vessel in the lung can become blocked and affect breathing and circulation. The patient will urgently need oxygen therapy and anti-clotting medication.
  6. Severe kidney failure (acute renal failure) - severe muscle spasms can result in the destruction of skeletal muscle which can cause myoglobin - a muscle protein - to leak into the urine. This can cause acute renal failure (severe kidney failure).
  7. abnormal heart rhythm
  8. bone fractures and fractures of the spine due to muscle spasms and convulsions
  9. secondary infections due to prolonged hospital stays
49
Q

Prevention of tetanus

A

The tetanus vaccine

Proper treatment and cleaning of wounds can also help prevent the infection

Antibiotics

Surgery

Debridement

Nutrition

Ventilator

50
Q

affects the mucous membranes of the throat and nose.

A

Diptheria

51
Q

CAUSATIVE AGENT ng Diptheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

52
Q

RISK FACTORS of Diptheria

A
  • children
  • pregnant woman
  • aren’t up to date on their vaccinations
  • visit a country that doesn’t provide immunizations
  • have an immune system disorder, such as AIDS
  • live in unclean or crowded conditions
53
Q

The most visible and common symptom of diphtheria is a thick, gray coating on the throat and tonsils. Other common symptoms include:

A
  1. a fever
  2. chills
  3. swollen glands in the neck
  4. a loud, barking cough
  5. a sore throat
  6. bluish skin
  7. drooling
  8. a general feeling of uneasiness or discomfort
54
Q

Diagnosis of diptheria

A

see a gray coating on your throat or tonsils.

55
Q

• an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. 2nd biggest killer.

A

Tuberculosis

56
Q

Causative agent ng Tuberculosis

A

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium.

57
Q

It is spread through the air when a person with TB (whose lungs are affected) coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talks.

A

Tuberculosis

58
Q

• arises when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria, with the surviving bacteria developing resistance to that antibiotic and often others at the same time.

A

Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)

59
Q

treatable and curable only with the use of very specific anti-TB drugs, which are often limited or not readily available.

A

Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)

60
Q

Risk factors ng Tuberculosis

A
  1. People with compromised immune systems are most at risk of developing active tuberculosis. HIV suppresses the immune system, making it harder for the body to control TB bacteria. People who are infected with both HIV and TB are around 20-30 percent more likely to develop active TB than those who do not have HIV.
  2. Tobacco use has also been found to increase the risk of developing active TB. Over 20 percent of TB cases worldwide are related to smoking.
61
Q

Symptoms of tuberculosis

A

• While latent TB is symptomless, the symptoms of active TB include the following:

  1. Coughing, sometimes with mucus or blood
  2. Chills
  3. Fatigue
  4. Fever
  5. Loss of weight
  6. Loss of appetite
  7. Night sweats
62
Q

• Tuberculosis usually affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. When TB occurs outside of the lungs, the symptoms vary accordingly. Without treatment, TB can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream:

A
  1. TB infecting the bones can lead to spinal pain and joint destruction
  2. TB infecting the brain can cause meningitis
  3. TB infecting the liver and kidneys can impair their waste filtration functions and lead to blood in the urine
  4. TB infecting the heart can impair the heart’s ability to pump blood, resulting in a condition called cardiac tamponade that can be fatal

MICROPARA LEC And LAB FINALS (2 decks)

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