A and P Extra Review Flashcards
The chemical level consists of…
atoms make molecules; molecules make larger macromolecules; macromolecules form organelles.
The cellular level consists of…
macromolecules and organelles make cells
The tissue level consists of…
cells that form tissues
The organ level consists of…
2 or more types of tissues forming an organ
The organ system level consists of…
different organs coming together to finish a body function
The organismal level consists of…
the organ systems coming together to form a human being
What characteristics do hydrogen bonds lend to molecules?
- ) capillary action
- ) surface tension
- ) formation of water crystals
- ) folding of molecules
Glycocalyx are…
receptors that guide proteins to specific channels
What is the function of cholesterol units?
to hold the two parts of the cell membrane together
Describe mitochondria and state its function.
bean-shaped; contains cristae that perform chemical reactions that make energy/ATP
What has to be present in order for reactions to occur In the mitochondria?
oxygen
State functions and appearance in cell.
- Ribosomes
assemble proteins and are released through the nuclear pores of a nucleus
State functions and appearance in cell.
- endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
series of channels near the nucleus
rough er: contains ribosomes; modifies newly made proteins
smooth er: synthesizes cholesterol and lipids; detoxify material
State functions and appearance in cell.
- Golgi body
packages proteins for transport; modify molecules by adding carbohydrates
State functions and appearance in cell.
- lysosomes
break down debris
State functions and appearance in cell.
- microfilaments
long, thin proteins that go from one end of a cell to the other to prevent it from tearing apart
State functions and appearance in cell.
- microtubules
hollow tubes used for structure and support
State functions and appearance in cell.
- vesicles
transport material to the outside of the cell
What makes up the composition of the cytoplasm?
water, ions, amino acids, salts, and sugars.
Histone proteins are…
proteins wrapped in DNA
What are the 4 types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
Characteristics and location of epithelial tissues.
made of cells that are close together with little matrix;
cover body surfaces, forms gland and ducts, and is found in hollow organs
Characteristics and location of connective tissue.
made of cell scattered apart with abundant matrix; connects body parts
Characteristics and location of muscular tissue.
can extend, contract, and recoil; smooth muscle is spindle shaped and found in hollow organs; skeletal muscle is body motion; and cardiac muscle is found in the walls of the heart
Characteristics and location of nervous tissue.
can send, receive, and generate electrical impulses; found throughout the body
What are desmosomes?
where adjacent cells attach to each other; keeps cells from separating
What are connexons?
tubules that allow materials to travel from cell to cell
What makes connective tissue unique?
can come in many forms that determine its characteristics
Types of connective tissue and where they are found.
hard matrix: bone
soft matrix: cartilage
gel-like matrix: fat
liquid matrix: blood
How are epithelial tissues grouped?
- ) shape
- squamous: thin, flat and scale-like
- cuboidal: cube shaped
- columnar: rectangular
- transitional: varies - ) number of layers
- simple: 1 layer
- striated/stratified: multilayered
- pseudo stratified: looks stratified but is actually simple
What tissues are controlled by the somatic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
What tissues are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
List neuroglia cells and their functions.
CNS
astrocytes: star-shaped; hold cells together
oligodendrocytes: secrete myelin
microglial: wander through brain and spinal cord destroying debris, bacteria, etc.
ependymal: secretes and circulates cerebrospinal fluid
PNS
satellite cells: hold cells together
Schwann cells: secrete myelin
How can receptors be stimulated?
nocireceptors: respond to pain
photoreceptors: respond to light
thermoreceptors: respond to temperature
chemoreceptors: respond to wet chemicals
How does the sympathetic nervous system work?
speeds up the tissues that spend energy while slowing the ones that require energy
How does the parasympathetic nervous system work?
speeds up the tissues that acquire energy while slowing the ones that spend energy
What are cranial nerves and how many of them are there?
They are nerves that attach to the inferior surface of the brain; 12 pairs
What are mixed spinal nerves?
Nerves that attach to the spinal cord and carry information into and out of the CNS
What are tight junctions?
a barrier substance forms and prevents material from leaking between cells
What are gap junctions?
adjacent cells are connected by tubules that allow material to pass from cell to cell
What are intermediate fibers?
thicker proteins that allow stretching and recoil of cells
What are thick filaments?
provide cellular contraction
What are nucleoli?
dark areas in the nucleus where ribosomes form
What is cytoplasm in the nucleus called?
nucleoplasm
What are Nissl bodies?
make proteins and are located in the cell body of neurons; look dark in color
What are 3 ways adjacent cells can be joined?
desmosomes; tight junctions, and gap junctions
What are nuclei?
clumps of cell bodies inside the brain and spinal cord
What are ganglia?
clumps of cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord
What are tracts?
groups of axons inside the brain and spinal cord
What are nerves?
groups of axons outside of the brain and spinal cord
Characteristics of carbohydrates.
1:2:1 ratio; sugars and starches; characterized by size and solubility
Characteristics of lipids.
contain fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates; insoluble; components of the cell membrane; may contain phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur
Characteristics of proteins.
made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; contain C,H,O, and nitrogen (maybe sulfur)
Characteristics of nucleic acids.
composed of C,H,O,N and phosphorus; store and process info; DNA & RNA
