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Anatomy & Physiology > A and P Extra Review > Flashcards

A and P Extra Review Flashcards

1
Q

The chemical level consists of…

A

atoms make molecules; molecules make larger macromolecules; macromolecules form organelles.

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2
Q

The cellular level consists of…

A

macromolecules and organelles make cells

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3
Q

The tissue level consists of…

A

cells that form tissues

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4
Q

The organ level consists of…

A

2 or more types of tissues forming an organ

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5
Q

The organ system level consists of…

A

different organs coming together to finish a body function

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6
Q

The organismal level consists of…

A

the organ systems coming together to form a human being

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7
Q

What characteristics do hydrogen bonds lend to molecules?

A
  1. ) capillary action
  2. ) surface tension
  3. ) formation of water crystals
  4. ) folding of molecules
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8
Q

Glycocalyx are…

A

receptors that guide proteins to specific channels

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9
Q

What is the function of cholesterol units?

A

to hold the two parts of the cell membrane together

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10
Q

Describe mitochondria and state its function.

A

bean-shaped; contains cristae that perform chemical reactions that make energy/ATP

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11
Q

What has to be present in order for reactions to occur In the mitochondria?

A

oxygen

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12
Q

State functions and appearance in cell.

- Ribosomes

A

assemble proteins and are released through the nuclear pores of a nucleus

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13
Q

State functions and appearance in cell.

- endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

A

series of channels near the nucleus
rough er: contains ribosomes; modifies newly made proteins
smooth er: synthesizes cholesterol and lipids; detoxify material

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14
Q

State functions and appearance in cell.

- Golgi body

A

packages proteins for transport; modify molecules by adding carbohydrates

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15
Q

State functions and appearance in cell.

- lysosomes

A

break down debris

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16
Q

State functions and appearance in cell.

- microfilaments

A

long, thin proteins that go from one end of a cell to the other to prevent it from tearing apart

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17
Q

State functions and appearance in cell.

- microtubules

A

hollow tubes used for structure and support

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18
Q

State functions and appearance in cell.

- vesicles

A

transport material to the outside of the cell

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19
Q

What makes up the composition of the cytoplasm?

A

water, ions, amino acids, salts, and sugars.

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20
Q

Histone proteins are…

A

proteins wrapped in DNA

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21
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

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22
Q

Characteristics and location of epithelial tissues.

A

made of cells that are close together with little matrix;

cover body surfaces, forms gland and ducts, and is found in hollow organs

23
Q

Characteristics and location of connective tissue.

A

made of cell scattered apart with abundant matrix; connects body parts

24
Q

Characteristics and location of muscular tissue.

A

can extend, contract, and recoil; smooth muscle is spindle shaped and found in hollow organs; skeletal muscle is body motion; and cardiac muscle is found in the walls of the heart

25
Q

Characteristics and location of nervous tissue.

A

can send, receive, and generate electrical impulses; found throughout the body

26
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

where adjacent cells attach to each other; keeps cells from separating

27
Q

What are connexons?

A

tubules that allow materials to travel from cell to cell

28
Q

What makes connective tissue unique?

A

can come in many forms that determine its characteristics

29
Q

Types of connective tissue and where they are found.

A

hard matrix: bone
soft matrix: cartilage
gel-like matrix: fat
liquid matrix: blood

30
Q

How are epithelial tissues grouped?

A
  1. ) shape
    - squamous: thin, flat and scale-like
    - cuboidal: cube shaped
    - columnar: rectangular
    - transitional: varies
  2. ) number of layers
    - simple: 1 layer
    - striated/stratified: multilayered
    - pseudo stratified: looks stratified but is actually simple
31
Q

What tissues are controlled by the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscle

32
Q

What tissues are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

A

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

33
Q

List neuroglia cells and their functions.

A

CNS
astrocytes: star-shaped; hold cells together
oligodendrocytes: secrete myelin
microglial: wander through brain and spinal cord destroying debris, bacteria, etc.
ependymal: secretes and circulates cerebrospinal fluid
PNS
satellite cells: hold cells together
Schwann cells: secrete myelin

34
Q

How can receptors be stimulated?

A

nocireceptors: respond to pain
photoreceptors: respond to light
thermoreceptors: respond to temperature
chemoreceptors: respond to wet chemicals

35
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system work?

A

speeds up the tissues that spend energy while slowing the ones that require energy

36
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system work?

A

speeds up the tissues that acquire energy while slowing the ones that spend energy

37
Q

What are cranial nerves and how many of them are there?

A

They are nerves that attach to the inferior surface of the brain; 12 pairs

38
Q

What are mixed spinal nerves?

A

Nerves that attach to the spinal cord and carry information into and out of the CNS

39
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

a barrier substance forms and prevents material from leaking between cells

40
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

adjacent cells are connected by tubules that allow material to pass from cell to cell

41
Q

What are intermediate fibers?

A

thicker proteins that allow stretching and recoil of cells

42
Q

What are thick filaments?

A

provide cellular contraction

43
Q

What are nucleoli?

A

dark areas in the nucleus where ribosomes form

44
Q

What is cytoplasm in the nucleus called?

A

nucleoplasm

45
Q

What are Nissl bodies?

A

make proteins and are located in the cell body of neurons; look dark in color

46
Q

What are 3 ways adjacent cells can be joined?

A

desmosomes; tight junctions, and gap junctions

47
Q

What are nuclei?

A

clumps of cell bodies inside the brain and spinal cord

48
Q

What are ganglia?

A

clumps of cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord

49
Q

What are tracts?

A

groups of axons inside the brain and spinal cord

50
Q

What are nerves?

A

groups of axons outside of the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

Characteristics of carbohydrates.

A

1:2:1 ratio; sugars and starches; characterized by size and solubility

52
Q

Characteristics of lipids.

A

contain fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates; insoluble; components of the cell membrane; may contain phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur

53
Q

Characteristics of proteins.

A

made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; contain C,H,O, and nitrogen (maybe sulfur)

54
Q

Characteristics of nucleic acids.

A

composed of C,H,O,N and phosphorus; store and process info; DNA & RNA

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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