A and P chapter 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
the study of structure
What is physiology?
the study of function
_______ determines function?
Structure
What is life’s hierarchy of organization?
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
Define cell
The fundamental unit of life, basic unit of life.
Define tissue
A group of similar cells that preform a specific function.
Define organ
A structure that is composed of tissues and that provides a specific function for the organism.
Define organ system
Several organs that cooperate in a specific function.
Define Organism
An individual living thing
Levels of organization (chemistry)
Matter
Elements
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelle
How do body parts at different levels of organization vary in complexity?
Usually the lower levels of organization are less complex, higher levels of organization are built from lower levels.
Digestion
breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Movement
Change is position; motion
Responsiveness
reaction to change taking place inside or outside of the body
Absorption
passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Growth
increase in body size; no change in shape
Circulation
movement of substances in body fluids
Reproduction
production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration
obtaining oxygen; releasing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
Assimilation
changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Excretion
removal of waste produced by metabolic reactions
What is metabolism?
the physical and chemical changes of an organism, all chemical activity in a cell, including reactions to build and break molecules.
Environment factors needed for life?
Water
Food
Pressure
Heat
Oxygen
How is balance related to internal environment?
Homeostasis, the body’s attempt to maintain a constant and balanced internal environment
Describe three homeostatic mechanisms?
The receptor, the control (brain), and the effectors
Another name for Homeostasis mechanism?
The negative feedback system
Where is the dorsal cavity located?
The back
What is located in the dorsal cavity?
The cranial (brain) and spinal (spinal cord) cavity
Where is the ventral cavity located?
The front
What is located in the ventral cavity?
The thoracic (mediastinum; center) and the abdominopelvic (abdominal; stomach, liver, intestines) and the pelvic cavity (bladder, repro.)
What are the viscera?
The internal organs located in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity.
What are serous membranes?
They are thin and secrete a thin watery fluid.
What are Visceral membranes?
They are serous membranes which cover organ surfaces.
What are the Pleural membranes (Lungs)?
Visceral pleura (lines lungs surface) and parietal pleura (lines cavity lungs are in)
What are Parietal membranes?
They are serous membranes which cover cavity walls.
What are pericardial membranes (heart)?
Visceral pericardium (epicardium; covers surface of heart) and parietal pericardium (lines cavity heart is in)
What are peritoneal membranes (abdominal)?
Visceral peritoneal (covers surface of abdominal organs) and parietal peritoneal (lines
Correct anatomical position?
standing erect
facing forward
arms at side
palms forward
Terms of relative position?
Superior (above)/ inferior (below), Anterior or Ventral (toward the front)/ posterior or dorsal (toward the back), Medial (toward the midline)/ Lateral (to the sides), Ipsilateral (same side)/ Contralateral (opposite sides), proximal (close to point of attachment)/ distal (farther from point of attachment), Superficial (close to body surface)/ Deep (more internal)
Types of sections in the body?
Sagittal (divides body into left and right sides), Transverse (divides into superior and inferior), Coronal or Frontal (divides into front and back sides)
