A 2 CNS Organization

Question 1

Examples of laminae

Answer 1

• Cerebral cortex
• Hippocampus
• Cerebellum

Question 2

Most neuronal connections are one-way, or reciprocal?

Answer 2

Reciprocal A—->B and B—->A

Question 3

Most brain connections are serial, or parallel?

Answer 3

Parallel

Question 4

Information-Rich Systems

Answer 4

• Contain real-world info
• Organized spatially. (homunculus)
• Hypothalamus receives internal info

Question 5

Regulatory Systems

Answer 5

• No real-world info.
• Influence “signal-to-noise” ratio in motor and sensory.
• Commonly monoamine neurotransmitters (i.e. dopamine, serotonin, and norepi)
• Diffuse monoamine systems can create addiction, like mesolimbic dopaminergic system, which “stamps” certain things as rewarding.

Question 6

Command Systems

Answer 6

-Output side of CNS. Function as hardwired circuits like walking.

Question 7

what are the six areas of the CNS from rostral to cuadal?

Answer 7

cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (telencephalon)
thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon)
mid-brain (mesencephalon)
pons and cerebellum (metacephalon)
medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
spinal cord

Question 8

what is reticular formation?

Answer 8

loosely interspersed white matter that is randomly spread out between clusters of nuclei.

Question 9

how are tracts named?

Answer 9

from where they start to where they go.

Question 10

what is cephalization?

Answer 10

Cephalization is considered an evolutionary trend whereby nervous tissue, over many generations, becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism. This process eventually produces a head.

Question 11

the eyes (optic nerve and retina) are considered outreaches from which CNS area?

Answer 11

the diencephalon.

Question 12

In the developing CNS, the areas are called what?

Answer 12

proencephalon [fore-brain]
(telencephalon and diencephalon)
Mesencephalon [mid-brain]
Rhombencephalon [Hind-brain]
(Metacephalon and myelencephalon)

Question 13

which part of the brain underwent the 90 degree flexure that caused it current right angle orientation?

Answer 13

mesencephalic bending. (mid-brain)

Question 14

For this course, the pons will be described as _______ to the medulla?

Answer 14

anterior even though anatomically it is superior

Question 15

where is the white matter located in the midbrain?

Answer 15

On the outside. This follows the pattern of the pons, medulla, and spinal cord.

Question 16

Where is the while matter located in the diencephalon?

Answer 16

mostly inside. This follows the pattern of cerebellum, and cerebral cortex.

Question 17

neurons are arranged into three basic ways within the grey matter, and there are?

Answer 17

nuclei (clusters of cell nuclei)
laminae (layers)
reticular (Loose low density arrangements scattered)

Question 18

what percentage of the CNS is white matter?

Answer 18

60%

Question 19

T/F there are more unmyelenated neurons than myelinated neurons in white matter?

Answer 19

True

Question 20

what is the function of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system?

Answer 20

It stamps in behavior that lead to rewards.

Question 21

Laminae (layers) are most prominent in which brain regions?

Answer 21

Cerebral cortex, cerebellar

Question 22

Where does the Trigeminothalamic tract enter the spinal cord?

Answer 22

Pons

Question 23

What is the final destination for the Trigeminal Spinothalamic tract?

Answer 23

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Question 24

What tract crosses twice? Where does it cross? What info transmitted?

Answer 24

VSCT, 1st cross @ spinal cord in ventral white commisure, 2nd cross @ rostral pons in decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle. Sends copies of motor commands to help control lower body movements.

Question 25

Which two tracts decussate in the Medulla? For our purposes

Answer 25

• Dorsal Colum

- Lateral Corticospinal (pyramids)

Question 26

What is atheroma?

Answer 26

Thickened patches of arteriosclerosis