A - 1 - Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles Flashcards
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A single celled organism without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
What is a Eukaryote?
An organism made up of a cell (or cells) containing a nucleus
What are organelles?
A part of a cell
Which organelles are found in animal cells?
- Cell surface membrane
- Rough and smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Lysosome
- Ribosome
- Nuclear Envelope
- Golgi apparatus
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
Which organelles are found in plant cells?
- Cell surface membrane
- Rough and smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Lysosome
- Ribosome
- Nuclear Envelope
- Golgi apparatus
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- A cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata
- A vacuole
- Chloroplasts
Which organelles are commonly found in Algal Cells?
All the same organelles as in a plant cell:
- Cell surface membrane
- Rough and smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Lysosome
- Ribosome
- Nuclear Envelope
- Golgi apparatus
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- A cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata
- A vacuole
- Chloroplasts
What are the similarities between algal cells and plant cells?
- They carry out photosynthesis
- They have all the same organelles
What are the Differences between algal cells and plant cells?
- Algal cells can be multicellular or unicellular
- The chloroplasts in many algal cells are a different shape and size to plant chloroplasts
Which organelles are found in Fungal cells?
- Ribosomes
- Cell surface membrane
- Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus
- Vacuole
- Nuclear envelope
- Chitin cell wall
- Cytoplasm
How are Fungal cells similar to algal cells?
They both can be multicellular or unicellular
How are Fungal cells different to plant cells?
- Their cell walls are made of chitin rather than cellulose
- They don’t have chloroplasts because they don’t photosynthesise
Describe the cell surface membrane
The membrane found on the surface of plant and animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells. Its mainly made of lipids and protein
Describe the function of the cell surface membrane
- Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
- Has receptor molecules on it allowing It to respond to chemicals like hormones
Describe the structure of the nucleus
A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) which contains many pores.
The nucleus contains chromosomes and one or more structures called a nucleolus
Describe the function of the nucleus
- Controls the cells activities (controls transcription)
- DNA contains instructions to make proteins
- The pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Describe the structure of the mitochondria
- Usually oval shaped
- Have a double membrane (inner membrane folded to form cristae)
- Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration
Describe the function of the mitochondria
- The site of aerobic respiration. This produces ATP which Is a common energy source in the cell
- They are found in large numbers in cells that are active and require a lot of energy
Describe the structure of a chloroplast
- A small fattened structure found in plant cells and algal cells
- Surrounded by a double membrane
- Has membranes inside calle thylakoid membranes
- These are staked to form Grana
- Grana are linked together by lamellae (thin flat pieces of thylakoid membrane)
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
It is the site where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grans and others happen in the stroma
Describe the Golgi apparatus
A group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes
Describe the structure of the Golgi Vesicle
A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus
What is the function of the Golgi Vesicle?
Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell (via the cell surface membrane)
Describe the structure of a lysosome
A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure. Its a type of Golgi vesicle
What is the function of a lysosome?
Contains digestive enzymes calles lysozymes. These are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell
Describe the structure of a ribosome
- A very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Made up of proteins and RNA
- Not surrounded by a membrane
What is the function of a ribosome?
The site where proteins are made
Describe the structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space
- The surface is covered in ribosomes
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Fold and processes the proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum but with no ribosomes
What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Synthesis and processes lipids
Describe the structure of the cell wall
- A rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi
- In plants and algae its made mainly of the carbohydrate and cellulose
- In fungi its made of chitin
What is the function of the cell wall?
Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape
Describe the structure of the cell vacuole (in plants)
- A membrane bound organelle
- Found in the cytoplasm
- Contains cell sap ( A weak solution of sugar and salts)
- The surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast
What is the function of the cell vacuole (in plants)?
- Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell
- Keeps the cell rigid
- This stops the plant wilting
- Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell
How are epithelial cells adapted in the small intestine to absorb food efficiently?
- Villi increase the surface area
- On the surface of the villi there are fold in the cell-surface membranes called microvilli which increase the surface area
- They have lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the transport of digested food molecules into the cell
How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen around the body?
They have no nucleus as this makes more room for haemoglobin
How are sperm cells adapted for their function?
They contain a lot of mitochondria to provide the large amounts of energy needed to propel themselves towards the egg
What are tissues?
Groups of similar cells working together to perform a particular function
What are organs?
Groups of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together to carry out a particular function
