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Nutrition 1 (Semester I) > 9b. Minerals - Micro > Flashcards

9b. Minerals - Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Which metalloenzyme functions is Zn a cofactor in?

A 
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) - AO
Alcohol dehydrogenase - breakdown of alcohol
Carboxypeptidase - digestion of proteins
Haem synthesis
Folate absorption
DNA/RNA synthesis
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2
Q

Food sources of Zn

A 
Oysters
Adzuki beans
Rye flour
Sesame seeds
Calf's liver
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3
Q

What are the functions of Zn?

A 
Reproduction
Endocrine
Digestion
Immunity
Sensory
Cell proliferation
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4
Q

What are the functions of Zn in reproduction?

A

Production of sex hormones
Spermatogenesis
Inhibits 5a-reductase
(e.g. inhibits conversion of testosterone to more potent androgen DHT)

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5
Q

What are the functions of Zn in endocrine?

A

T4 to T3 conversion

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6
Q

What are the functions of Zn in digestion?

A

Production of HCl

Creation of pancreatic enzymes

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7
Q

What are the functions of Zn in immunity?

A

AO
Increases T and B cell activity
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-viral

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8
Q

What are the functions of Zn in sensory?

A

Taste and smell

Supports vision and hearing

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9
Q

What are the functions of Zn in cell proliferation?

A

Cell proliferation/differentiation e.g. skin
Gene expression
Aids tight junctions

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10
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Zn in reproduction?

A

Low testosterone
Infertility
Erectile dysfunction

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11
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Zn in endocrine?

A

Thyroid health

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12
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Zn in digestion?

A

Weak digestion

Hypochlorhydria

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13
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Zn in immunity?

A

Frequent infections
Inflammation
CV disease

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14
Q

What are the functions of Zn in sensory?

A

Poor taste/smell/vision

Tinnitus

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15
Q

What are the functions of Zn in cell proliferation?

A

Acne
Wound healing
Burns
Cancer

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16
Q

What percentage of Zn is absorbed by the body?

A

20-40%

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17
Q

What can enhance the absorption of Zn?

A

Protein

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18
Q

What can inhibit the absorption of Zn?

A

Phytates

Excess Ca, Cu, Fe

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19
Q

Food sources highest in phytates

A

Wholegrains
Legumes
Nuts
Seeds

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20
Q

How can phytate levels be reduced?

A

Soaking
Sprouting
Fermenting

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21
Q

What can Zn supplementation inhibit?

A

Cu absorption

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22
Q

What can cause Zn deficiency?

A

Malabsorption
Diet high in phytates
Diet low in Zn rich foods

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23
Q

Which groups are at risk of Zn deficiency?

A

Older adults
Alcoholics
Pregnant women
Athletes

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24
Q

Signs/symptoms of Zn deficiency

A 
Poor sense of taste/smell
Recurrent infections
Delayed wound healing
Skin disorders e.g. acne
Infertility
Weak digestion
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25
Q

Which forms of Zn supplements are best absorbed?

A

Citrate
Acetate
Glycinate

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26
Q

What can long-term Zn supplementation lead to?

A

Cu deficiency

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27
Q

What are the two forms of Fe present in the body?

A

Ferrous - Fe2+

Ferric - Fe3+

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28
Q

Which form of Fe is needed for absorption?

A

Ferrous

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29
Q

Where can we mostly find Fe?

A

Blood
Bone marrow
Muscles
Enzymes

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30
Q

From what food sources can we find non-haem iron?

A

Plants

Animals

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31
Q

Which form of Fe is non-haem iron?

A

Ferritic

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32
Q

From what food sources can haem iron be found?

A

Animals

Fish

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33
Q

Which form of Fe is haem iron?

A

Ferrous

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34
Q

Examples of Fe food sources

A 
Meat
Fish
Pumpkin seeds
Sesame seeds
Quinoa
Soy beans
Spinach
Dried apricots
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35
Q

What are the functions of Fe?

A 
Oxygen transport and storage
Energy
Endocrine
Immune
Neurotransmitter synthesis
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36
Q

What are the functions of Fe in oxygen transport and storage?

A

A component of haemoglobin (O2 stores in blood)

A component of myoglobin (O2 stores in muscles)

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37
Q

What are the functions of Fe in energy production?

A

Enzyme cofactor in electron transport chain

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38
Q

What are the functions of Fe in endocrine?

A

Cofactor for the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (needed to synthesis thyroid hormones)

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39
Q

What are the functions of Fe in immunity?

A

Lymphocyte proliferation and maturation

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40
Q

What is the function of Fe in neurotransmitter synthesis?

A

Cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase

converts tyrosine to dopamine

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41
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Fe in oxygen storage and transport?

A

Anaemia
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Exercise - endurance

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42
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Fe in energy production?

A

Fatigue

Mitochondrial support

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43
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Fe in endocrine?

A

Hypothyroidism

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44
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Fe in immunity?

A

Immune support

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45
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Fe in neurotransmitter synthesis?

A

Cognition/learning

Parkinson’s

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46
Q

Where is Fe not used for haemoglobin production stored?

A

In the protein ferritin

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47
Q

What happens to Fe when Fe stores are high?

A

Liver converts ferritin to hemosiderin which releases Fe more slowly

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48
Q

Once a RBC has come to the end of its lifespan what happens?

A

Spleen and liver dismantle it, salvage the Fe and recycle it to make more erythrocytes

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49
Q

Where does the body lose some Fe on a daily basis?

A

Via GI tract

When bleeding occurs

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50
Q

Is Fe excreted from the body?

A

No

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51
Q

How are Fe levels regulated?

A

By the amount absorbed in the intestine

higher levels in tissues = down regulation of gut absorption

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52
Q

What helps the body absorb Fe from food?

A

Proteins

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53
Q

What does mucosal ferritin do?

A

Receives Fe from food and stores it in the SI mucosal cells

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54
Q

What does mucosal transferrin do?

A

Transfers the Fe from SI mucosal cells to blood transferrin which transports the iron to the rest of the body

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55
Q

What happens if the body doesn’t need Fe?

A

It’s carried out when the intestinal cells are shed and excreted via faeces
(every 3 days)

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56
Q

What does Fe absorption depend on?

A

GI tract health
Presence of supporting/inhibiting nutrients e.g. vit C/phytates
Food source (haem vs non-haem)

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57
Q

What is the absorption rate of haem iron?

A

15-35%

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58
Q

What is the absorption rate of non-haem iron?

A

2-20%

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59
Q

Is haem or non-haem iron absorption more sensitive to body iron stores?

A

Non-haem

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60
Q

Why are supplement doses of Fe typically high?

A

Fe from supplements is less well absorbed than from food

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61
Q

How can non-haem Fe absorption be enhanced?

A

Vit C with every meal
Build meals around Fe-rich foods
Avoid drinking caffeine and dairy at meal times
Eat foods that contain yeast
Eat sprouted/fermented foods to reduce inhibitors like phytates
Eliminate junk food

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62
Q

How does vit C enhance non-haem Fe absorption?

A

A vit C dependent enzyme called vit C ferrireductase is embedded in the cell membranes of duodenal enterocytes that converts Fe from the Fe+3 to Fe+2 state

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63
Q

What can inhibit the absorption of non-haem iron?

A 
Phytates
Oxalates
Polyphenols
Calcium
Tannins
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64
Q

Which life stages are vulnerable to iron deficiency?

A

Women of reproductive age
Pregnancy (increased blood volume)
Times of rapid growth (teenagers, young kids)

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65
Q

What are the symptoms of Fe deficieny anaemia?

A 
Fatigue on exertion
Weakness
Headaches
Apathy
Breathlessness
Poor resistance to cold temperatures
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66
Q

What are the signs of Fe deficiency anaemia?

A

Pallor
Nail spooning
Hair loss
Tachycardia

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67
Q

Why is Fe toxicity a risk?

A

Because there’s no physiological mechanism for excretion
Haem Fe is more efficiently absorbed and the body has less control over how much it absorbs
(unlike non-haem iron)

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68
Q

Why can Fe overload be harmful?

A

Free Fe is a pro-oxidant and can cause oxidative damage
(associated with atherosclerosis, cancer, AZD)
Fe is a bacterial growth factor and can cause increased infection rates
Excess Fe can accumulate in organs e.g. brain, liver

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69
Q

What can contribute to Fe overload?

A

Haemochromatosis (genetic disorder that enhances Fe absorption)
Indiscriminate use of Fe supplements
High dose vit C supplementation
Excessive red meat consumption

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70
Q

Which nutrients can enhance the absorption of Fe?

A

Vit C

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71
Q

Which nutrients inhibit the absorption of Fe?

A

Zn
Cu
Ca

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72
Q

Which amino acids can selenium be found bound to?

A

Cysteine

Methionine

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73
Q

Where does Se mainly function?

A

Cytosol

Mitochondria

74
Q

Main food sources of Se

A 
Brazil nuts
Yellowfin tuna
Durum wheat
Calf's liver
Garlic
75
Q

What are the functions of Se?

A

Thyroid hormones
Antioxidant
Immunity
Reproduction

76
Q

What are the functions of Se in thyroid production?

A

Conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3)

77
Q

What are the functions of Se an AO?

A

Cofactor in glutathione peroxidase

enzyme that protects cells from free radical damage

78
Q

What can the active site of glutathione peroxidase be occupied by?

79
Q

What are the functions of Se in immunity?

A

T cell proliferation and activity

Antibody production

80
Q

What are the functions of Se in reproduction?

A

Sperm motility

81
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Se in thyroid hormones?

A

Hypothyroidism

Energy metabolism

82
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Se in AO?

A

Cell AO protection
Heavy metal detox
Acne

83
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Se in immunity?

A

Viral prevention
Recovery from colds
Anti cancer

84
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Se in reproduction?

A

Male fertility

85
Q

Where is Se mostly absorbed?

86
Q

When is absorption of Se more efficient?

A

Under conditions of deficiency

87
Q

Which type of food source is Se more bioavailable?

A

Plant sources

88
Q

What manages Se homeostasis?

89
Q

How is excess Se excreted?

90
Q

What can decrease Se levels?

A

Inflammation

91
Q

What is a functional marker of Se deficiency?

A

Elevated T4 and lowered T3

92
Q

What is Keshan disease?

A

Endemic cardiomyopathy that affects children in China where soil is known to be Se deficient

93
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Se deficiency?

A 
Cardiomyopathy
Infertility
Muscle pain
Weakness
Elevated liver enzymes
Growth retardation
94
Q

What is important for the detoxification of Se?

A

Efficient methylation

95
Q

What are the symptoms of Se toxicity?

A 
Brittle hair/nails
Skin lesions
Dermatitis
Depression
Garlic odour
96
Q

What is the TUL for Se?

97
Q

How do I and Se interact?

A

In severe I deficiency, Se supplementation can trigger/exacerbate hypothyroidism by accelerating T4 metabolism

98
Q

How do Zn, Cu and Se interact?

A

Supplementing with Zn/Cu may increase Se requirements

99
Q

How do Se and vit E interact?

A

Se deficiency aggravates the effects of vit E deficiency

100
Q

How do Se and PUFAs interact?

A

Ingestion of large amounts of DHA and EPA increases the requirement for Se

101
Q

Which group of enzymes is Cu a component of?

A

Cuproenzymes

102
Q

Where is Cu mostly absorbed?

103
Q

Where is Cu excreted?

104
Q

Food sources of Cu

A 
Calf's liver
Sesame seeds
Shiitake mushrooms
Quinoa
Oysters
105
Q

What are the functions of Cu?

A 
Red blood cells
Antioxidant
Immunity
Structure
Nervous system
106
Q

What are the functions of Cu in red blood cells?

A 
Haem synthesis (with Fe)
Formation of erythrocytes
107
Q

What are the functions of Cu as an antioxidant?

A

Component of AO enzymes superoxide dismutase and ceruloplasmin

108
Q

What are the functions of Cu in immunity?

A

Killing of bacteria by phagocytes

109
Q

What are the functions of Cu in structure?

A

Supports the structure of skin, blood vessels and bone
Component of lysyl oxidase - enzyme needed for cross-linking collagen and elastin
Melatonin formation

110
Q

What are the functions of Cu in the nervous system?

A

Formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath

Cofactor for conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline

111
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Cu in red blood cells?

A

Anaemia

Fatigue

112
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Cu as an AO?

A

Free radical protection

Atherosclerosis

113
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Cu in immunity?

A

Neutropenia

Infections

114
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Cu in structure?

A

Wound healing
Burns
Vascular health
Osteoporosis

115
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Cu in the nervous system?

A

Neurotransmitter synthesis
Alertness
Focus
Fight or flight

116
Q

What can induce Cu deficiency?

A

Long-term Zn supplementation

Infants fed cow’s milk

117
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of Cu deficiency?

A 
Anaemia
Bone fractures
Impaired growth
Reduced skin pigmentation
Recurrent infections
118
Q

What can cause acute toxicity of Cu?

A

Contaminated drinking water (from old copper pipes)

Genetic disorders

119
Q

What are the symptoms of acute Cu toxicity?

A 
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Liver/kidney damage
Haemolytic anaemia
Coma
Death
120
Q

What can cause copper overload?

A

Oestrogen (in women)

121
Q

What are the symptoms of Cu overload?

A 
Emotional instability
ADHD
Intolerance to OCP
Low immunity
Skin sensitivity to cheap metal
Allergies
Acne
122
Q

If someone presents with possible Cu overload, what is the best route to explore?

A

Zn deficiency

Gut function

123
Q

How much of dietary iodine is absorbed?

124
Q

Where is the main source of I?

125
Q

Food sources of I?

A

Sea vegetables
Ocean fish
Shellfish
Eggs/dairy due to fortification of animal feed

126
Q

What are the functions of I?

A

Thyroid hormones
Brain health
Metabolism

127
Q

What are the functions of I in thyroid hormones?

A 
Essential component
(T4 = 4 iodine atoms; T3 = 3 iodine atoms)
128
Q

What are the functions of I in brain health?

A

Foetal and infant development

129
Q

What are the functions of I in metabolism?

A

Critical determinants of energy metabolism in cells

130
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of I in thyroid hormones?

A

Hypothyroidism

131
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of I in brain health?

A

Cognitive function during childhood

132
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of I in metabolism?

A

Reversing slow metabolism

133
Q

How are thyroid hormones made?

A

Thyroid gland traps iodine from blood
Iodine and tyrosine are bound to thyroglobulin
Se-dependent enzyme, iodothyronine deiodinase, converts inactive T4 to active T3

Rate of capture is determined by TSH

134
Q

How was I deficiency addressed in 20th century?

A

Table salt iodised

Cattle feed iodine fortified

135
Q

What can I deficiency lead to?

A

Hypothyroidism

136
Q

Can hypothyroidism occur without an I deficiency?

A

Yes - Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

137
Q

What can severe I deficiency during pregnancy cause?

A

Extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation

138
Q

What is the TUL for I?

139
Q

Which nutrients, as well as I, may also be suboptimal in hypothyroidism?

140
Q

Which nutrients are crucial to I utilisation?

A

Tyrosine
Zn
Mg
B vits

141
Q

Which foods may interfere with I uptake?

A

Goitrogenic foods - soya, millet, raw brassica veg

142
Q

What percentage of Mn is absorbed?

143
Q

Where is Mn mostly absorbed?

A

Intestines

144
Q

Where is Mn mostly stored?

A

Bone

Metabolically active organs - liver, kidneys, pancreas, brain

145
Q

Food sources of Mn

A

Cloves
Hazelnuts
Wheat germ
Blue mussels

146
Q

What are the functions of Mn?

A

Structural
Antioxidant
Metabolism

147
Q

What are the structural functions of Mn?

A

Cofactor needed for synthesis of proteoglycans (e.g. in cartilage)
Activates enzyme needed for collagen formation

148
Q

What are the AO functions of Mn?

A

Cofactor for the AO Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)

149
Q

What are the metabolic functions of Mn?

A

Mn-activated enzymes facilitate the metabolism of carbs, amino acids and cholesterol

150
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Mn in structure?

A

Healthy cartilage and bone matrix
OA
Wound healing

151
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Mn as an AO?

A

Mitochondrial protection from oxidative stress

152
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Mn in metabolism?

A

Blood sugar regulation

Supporting the urea cycle

153
Q

What can a Mn insufficiency lead to?

A

Loss of hair colour
Skin rashes
Tendon and bone abnormalities

154
Q

Who could be at risk of Mn toxicity?

A

Workers exposed to high Mn dust in air

welders etc

155
Q

Which nutrients can impair the absorption of Mn?

A

High intakes of Fe, Ca, Mg

156
Q

What is the predominant form of Cr?

A

Trivalent chromium (Cr3+)

157
Q

What percentage of Cr is absorbed in the intestinal tract?

158
Q

Food sources of Cr

A

Broccoli
Barley
Turkey
Black pepper

159
Q

What is the function of Cr?

A

Insulin receptor

160
Q

What is the function of Cr as an insulin receptor?

A

Component of chromodulin - protein that increases the sensitivity of tyrosine kinase
So when insulin binds to its receptor, its action is enhanced and glucose uptake by the cells is facilitated
Also influences fat and protein metabolism

161
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Cr?

A 
Blood sugar regulation
DM
Insulin resistance
Lowering HbA1c
Reducing triglycerides
162
Q

What does Cr deficiency lead to?

A

Poor blood sugar control
Craving
Fatigue
Anxiety

163
Q

What can increase Cr excretion?

A

High carb intake

Vigorous exercise

164
Q

What can impair the transportation of Cr?

A

Fe overload (haemochromatosis)

165
Q

Which detoxification enzymes is Mo a cofactor in?

A

Sulphite oxidase
Xanthine oxidase
Aldehyde oxidase

166
Q

Food sources of Mo

A 
Legumes
Whole grains
Nuts
Leafy greens
Beef liver
Milk
167
Q

What are the functions of boron?

A

Mineral metabolism

Bone development

168
Q

Food sources of boron

A

Fruit
Veg
Nuts
Legumes

169
Q

What are the functions of silicon?

A

Bone mineralisation

Integrity of connective tissue

170
Q

Food sources of silicon

A

Whole grains
Root veg
Dried fruit
Bananas

171
Q

Where can fluoride be mostly found in the body?

A

Bones

Teeth

172
Q

What can toxic levels of fluoride harm?

A

Thyroid gland

Tooth enamel

173
Q

Which nutrients interact with statins?

174
Q

How do Mg, Ca and Fe interact with levothyroxine?

A

Lowers effect of the drug

175
Q

How does omeprazole interact with Ca, Fe and Zn?

A

Lowers the amount of them in the body

176
Q

Which nutrients interact with ACE inhibitors?

177
Q

Which nutrients interact with anticoagulants?

178
Q

Which nutrients interact with antibiotics?

A 
Mg
Ca
Zn
K
Fe
Mn
179
Q

Which nutrients interact with diuretics?

180
Q

Which minerals most commonly interact with drugs?

Nutrition 1 (Semester I) (15 decks)

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