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Brain Bee > 9A. Childhood Disorders > Flashcards

9A. Childhood Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of people with autism have normal or above-average intelligence?

A

Over 40%

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2
Q

By which two criteria is autism diagnosed?

A

Impaired social communication and repetitive behaviours or narrow, obsessive interests

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3
Q

How many times more boys are diagnosed with autism than girls?

A

Four to five

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4
Q

Environmental factors that contribute to autism

A

Parents having children later in life, fever and infection during pregnancy, premature birth

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5
Q

Genes/mutations implicated in autism

A

FMR1: codes for fragile X mental retardation protein. Non-mutant form needed for normal cognitive development

PTEN: codes for tumor suppressor enzyme

TSC1 or TSC2: code for proteins controlling cell division

NF-1: children with variant of this gene develop tumors in childhood

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6
Q

What percent of people with FMR1 mutation have ASD, and what problem does the mutation cause?

A

50-60% of people with fragile X syndrome have ASD

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7
Q

What percent of people with TSC1 or TSC2 mutations have ASD, and what problem does the mutation cause?

A

40% of people with tuberous sclerosis complex have ASD

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8
Q

What percent of people with NF-1 mutations have ASD, and what problem does the mutation cause?

A

10% with neurofibromatosis (childhood tumors) have ASD

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9
Q

What pathway do the genes implicated in autism affect, and what is its function?

A

mTOR pathway, major pathway for regulating cell metabolism, growth, and proliferation

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10
Q

When are developmental issues involved with autism usually noticed?

A

Before first birthday

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11
Q

When can autism be reliably diagnosed?

A

Age 2

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12
Q

When is autism usually diagnosed

A

4 and a half

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13
Q

What is the apparent cause of autism?

A

Unusual cellular development within cerebral cortex. Both white and grey matter show alterations. Some have abnormally large brains and faster brain growth

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14
Q

Drugs used to treat autism

A

No cure. Some symptomatic relief from drugs designed for other uses like anxiety. Social benefits from oxytocin. Behavioural therapies still only proven treatment

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15
Q

What percentage of American parents report a child with ADHD?

A

11%

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16
Q

What percentage of those with ADHD carry the disorder into adulthood?

A

30%

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17
Q

Environmental risk factors for ADHD

A

Extreme early adversity, exposure to lead, low birthweight

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18
Q

Abnormalities in brain associated with ADHD

A

Unusual activity in neurons that release dopamine

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19
Q

Treatments for ADHD

A

Stimulants (methylphenidate), behavioural interventions

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20
Q

Distinctive features of Down Syndrome

A

Flattened face and bridge of nose, eyes slanted upward, small ears, small hands and feet, short, poor muscle tone, intellectual disabilities, hearing loss, heart defects

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21
Q

Key factors in intellectual disabilities of Down Syndrome

A

Poor connections among nerve cells in hippocampus, disfunction in mitochondria

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22
Q

Biological features of dyslexia

A

Brain areas involved in language are less well connected. E.g., word-form area, region on left side of brain, involved in recognition of printed words. Less brain activity in left occipitotemporal cortex, essential for skilled reading.

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23
Q

How do people with dyslexia compensate for reduced activity on left side of brain?

A

Rely more on right side

24
Q

Which system is impaired in people with dyslexia?

A

Visual magnocellular system. Dominates visual control of eye movements. Plays part in pointing eyes steadily at letters to determine their order

25
Q

Early indicator of dylsexia

A

Inability to rapidly and automatically name things

26
Q

How is epilepsy diagnosed?

A

If someone has two or more seizures that can’t be explained otherwise

27
Q

Biological cause of epilepsy

A

Increase in firing of action potentials followed by period of reduced excitability. Progress modulated by GABA (inhibitory) and glutamate (excitatory)

28
Q

What technique is used to distinguish between different types of epilepsy?

A

EEG

29
Q

Types of seizures

A

Generalized seizures: affect both sides, normal alpha rhythm replaced by large, slow, synchronous waves of activity

Absence or petit mal: part of generalized. causes rapid blinking or staring into space

Tonic-clonic or grand mal: part of generalized. can make someone fall, have muscle spasms, cry out, lose consciousness

Focal or partial: localized

Simple focal seizure: causes twitching or change in sensation

Complex focal seizure: begins in one part and spreads

30
Q

Factors that can provoke seizures in epilepsy

A

Fatigue, missed meals, low blood sugar, alcohol, flickering lights

31
Q

Possible causes of epilepsy

A

Premature birth, brain trauma, abnormal development for genetic reasons

32
Q

Treatments for epilepsy

A

Medication and diet. Most of the time, single medication is enough. Ketogenic diet (high fat, low carbs). Surgery can be used when medicine doesn’t work. Split-brain surgery - cutting of corpus callosum

33
Q

In which sex are anxiety disorders more common?

A

Women

34
Q

SSRIs

A

Medication for anxiety disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Raise serotonin levels

35
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Medication for anxiety disorders. boost levels of GABA. Used to be standard but cause dependence. E.g., diazepam, Valium.

36
Q

Significance of basal ganglia to OCD

A

Helps conduct routine behaviours (habit centre). Disrupted signalling between BG and cortex could cause OCD

37
Q

Medications for OCD

A

SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine, neuroleptic (tranquilizing) drugs

38
Q

Treatments for OCD

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy, deep brain stimulation

39
Q

Treatments for panic disorder

A

Psychotherapy, medications, or combination. SSRIs are primary choice, benzodiazepines in emergencies

40
Q

Most effective treatment for PTSD

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

41
Q

Physiological changes to people with PTSD

A

Increased heart rate, heightened electrical sensitivity in response to triggers, shallow seep with increased periods of RED, which can lead to sleep deprivation. Altered levels of hormones like cortisol and norepinephrine.

42
Q

Treatments for PTSD

A

Drugs that block norepinephrine (blood pressure medicine prazosin, beta-blockers like propranolol). SSRIs. Neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y

43
Q

Neurological changes in people with PTSD

A

Smaller hippocampus, smaller PFC, overactive amygdala

44
Q

Diagnosis for major depression

A

Minimum of four of the criteria must be met for over two weeks: feeling sad, loss of appetite, irritability, sleep issues, changes in appetite/weight

45
Q

In which sex is major depression more common?

A

Females

46
Q

Neurological basis of depression

A

Disrupts hypothalamus. Secretes hormone that tells adrenal cortex to produce more cortisol. Monoamine neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, serotonin) disrupted. Smaller hippocampus and PFC

47
Q

Treatment for depression

A

Antidepressants raise norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine levels. SSRIs most common. CBT used in combination

48
Q

Treatment for bipolar disorder

A

Hard to treat. Separate drugs for highs and lows. Mania: anti-epilepsy drugs (lithium, atypical antipsychotics). Depression: antidepressants, CBT. Third of people don’t respond, significant side effects.

49
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Hallucinations, delusions, confused thinking

50
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Inability to experience pleasure, lack of motivation

51
Q

When does schizophrenia usually appear?

A

15-25, corresponds to development of PFC

52
Q

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia

A

Chlorpromazine used to calm people down. Antipsychotic drugs dampen dopamine response, which drives positive symptoms. May cause tremors and Parkinson’s-like things (low dopamine activity). Drugs that suppress serotonergic activity help with negative symptoms. Nicotine may be helpful

53
Q

Cause of migraine

A

Muscle tension usually

54
Q

Biological features of migraine

A

Starts in part of brain that processes pain coming from cerebral blood vessels. In response, brief increase in local blood supply (causes flashing lights) immediately followed by reduced blood flow (causes temporary weakness)

55
Q

Drugs for migraines

A

Drugs that activate serotonin (5-HT) receptors, class of drugs called triptans.

Brain Bee (14 decks)

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