9.4 Industrial Chemistry

Question 1

The only factor that can change K is….

Answer 1

Temperature

Question 2

For exothermic reactions, if temperature:

Answer 2

Increases - then more reactants form (which are the denominator of the equation) so hence the equilibrium constant will DECREASE.
Decreases - then more products form (which are the numerator of the equation ) so hence the equilibrium constance will INCREASE.

Question 3

For endothermic reactions, if temperature:

Answer 3

Increase - more products form (which are the denominator of the equation) so hence the equilibrium constant will INCREASE.
Decrease - Then more reactants form (which are the denominator of the equation) so hence the equilibrium will DECREASE.

Question 4

Outline Three Uses of Sulfuric Acid in Industry.

Answer 4

• Fertilisers
  Most sulfuric acid industrially produced is used to make fertilisers.
  H2SO4 (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) –>
  (NH4)2SO4 (aq)
• Dehydrating Agent
  Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong dehydrating agent; an example of this property being used in the production of ethylene from ethanol.
  C2H5OH (l) (in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid
  ) –>
  C2H4 (g) + H2O (l)
• Polymers
  Sulfuric acid is used in the production of many polymers (mainly condensation polymers), such as rayon and cellophane. It is used to extrude the liquid mass into fibrous polymer threads.

Question 5

Definition of Electrolysis

Answer 5

Electrolysis is the process whereby an electrical current is being used to bring about a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. This often involves the decomposition of a compound into its component elements.

Question 6

Compare Electrolytic Cells to Galvanic Cells in terms of Energy Requirements.

Answer 6

Electrolytic cells are used to carry out electrolysis reactions.
Electrical --> Chemical Energy
Requires an input of electrical current
Reaction is forced
Anode is POSITIVE (+)
Cathode is NEGATIVE (-)
E0 is negative

Galvanic cells are used to create electrical current.
Chemical --> Electrical Energy
Produces electrical current
Spontaneous reaction
Anode is NEGATIVE (-)
Cathode is POSITIVE (+)
E0 is positive

Notes; AN OX and RED CAT holds true in both types of cells but the sign of the electrodes is swapped.

Question 7

Definition of Saponification

Answer 7

Saponification is the reversal of the process that forms fats and oils. It is defined as the conversion , in basic solution, of fats and oils into glycerol and the salts of fatty acids.