9.4

Question 1

cues

Answer 1

any stimulus that could help access the target info

e.g. matching exam items
*most effective cues are the ones we generate ourselves

Question 2

encoding specificity

*studying in a well-lit room while sitting down is like duplicating the exam environment, leading to better performance on the exam

Answer 2

target info is encoded along with other important bits present at the time
=> when we form a long-term memory
=> unique combination of info

Question 3

tip of the tongue

Answer 3

• retrieval is gradual, involves steps
• incorrect retrievals can either be a cue or block the correct retrieval

=> e.g. identifying the first letter or syllables of the target word

Question 4

reconstruction

Answer 4

rebuilding a memory out of stored elements
=> memory is actively reconstructed every time we retrieve it / remember something (Loftus and Palmer)
=> can be affected by external post-event info

Question 5

retrieval of emotional events: flashbulb memory

Answer 5

• a mechanism for us to remember vivid details, but not always accurate
• associated with strong emotions, have personal consequentiality to us
• stress and learning at the same time