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M9✅ > 9.1 (General) and 9.2 (Human performance) > Flashcards

9.1 (General) and 9.2 (Human performance) Flashcards

1
Q

What is human factors also known as

A

ergonomics

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2
Q

When did human factors become a point of concern following a series of major accidents

A

between 1980s and 1990s

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3
Q

What is human factors

A

Study of human capabilities and limitations in the workplace

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4
Q

In 1940, it was calculated that approximately 70% of all aircraft accidents were linked to a persons performance (e.g. human error) (T or F)

A

True

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5
Q

Who conducted a study in 1998, investigating 621 global fatal accidents between 1980 and 1996

A

UK CAA

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6
Q

explain clinical psychology

A

Studying and applying psychological theory

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7
Q

explain experimental psychology

A

covers a variety of basic behavioural processes (often studied in laboratory environment)

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8
Q

what is the % of maintenance and inspection deficiencies

A

12%

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9
Q

explain anthropometrics

A

study of dimensions and abilities of human body

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10
Q

explain cognitive science

A
  • many levels of analysis
  • from low level learning and decision mechanisms to high level logic and planning
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11
Q

explain safety engineering

A

life critical system behaves as needed, when component fails

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12
Q

explain medical science

A
  • art of healing
  • variety of healthcare practices
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13
Q

explain organisational psychology

A

concerned with relations between people and work

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14
Q

explain educational psychology

A

Study how people learn and use this to design educational content and materials

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15
Q

explain industrial engineering

A

Organised approach to the study of work. (e.g. must set reasonable work standards)

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16
Q

Who developed the ‘Dirty Dozen’ and when

A

Gordon Dupont (1993)

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17
Q

Explain what happened in BA flight 5390

A
  • Incorrect bolts installed due to staff shortage
  • Windscreen replaced before flight and was blown out due to cabin pressure
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18
Q

Explain Murphy’s Law

A

If something can go wrong, sooner or later it will go wrong

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19
Q

Explain the cornea

A
  • clear window, at front of the eye, which allows light to enter
  • responsible for 70-80% of total focusing ability of the eye
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20
Q

Explain Iris and Pupil

A
  • Iris (coloured part of eye) controls amount of light that enters eye by varying size of pupil (dark area at centre)
  • amount of light can be adjusted by a factor of 5:1
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21
Q

Explain the lens

A
  • After passing through pupil, light passes through the lens
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22
Q

What is accomodation?

A

Ciliary muscles in the lens change their shape to adjust the level of focus, so it can create a sharp image on the retina

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23
Q

To focus on a close object ?
- Lens flattened
- Lens thickened

A

Lens thickened

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24
Q

To focus on a distant point ?
- Lens flattened
- Lens thickened

A

Lens flattened

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25
Q

Explain the retina

A
  • located back of eyeball
  • Comprises a complex layer of nerve cells connected to the optic nerve
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26
Q

What are the 2 types of light sensitive cells contained in a retina

A
  • cones and rods
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27
Q

Explain Cones

A
  • function in good light
  • can detect fine detail and are colour sensitive
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28
Q

Explain Rods

A
  • cannot detect colour
  • poor at distinguishing fine detail
  • good at detecting movement on the edge of the visual field
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29
Q

Which light sensitive cell is more sensitive at lower light levels

A

Cones

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30
Q

As light decreases, rods take over from cones (T or F)

A

T

31
Q

Explain Fovea

A
  • small depression at the centre of the retina that is responsible for central vision
32
Q

Fovea contains many cones and is the point at which visual acuity is highest (T or F)

A

T

33
Q

How much more times is the eye sensitive than the ear

A

x24

34
Q

What is visual acuity

A

eyes ability to perceive sharp detail at varying distances

35
Q

explain Hypermetropia (long sightedness)

A
  • caused by shorter than normal eyeball (causes image to be formed behind the retina)
36
Q

explain myopia (short sightedness)

A
  • Occurs when eyeball is longer than normal (Causes image to form in front of the retina)
37
Q

what is cataracts

A
  • clouding of lens (ageing)
38
Q

What is astigmatism

A

misshapen cornea (distorts visual perception)

39
Q

what is glaucoma

A
  • build up in pressure of the fluid within the eye (can damage optic nerve and cause blindness)
40
Q

what is migraine

A
  • severe headaches that cause visual distubance
41
Q

What is Presbyopia

A
  • loss of lens flexibility with age
  • form of long-sightedness
42
Q

what affects does smoking have to the eye (also known as hypoxia)?

A
  • build up of carbon monoxide in bloodstream, which reduces oxygen to eyes
43
Q

Which 2 colours is the most difficult to distinguish

A

red and green

44
Q

In rarer cases, which 2 colours are difficult to distinguish

A

blue and yellow

45
Q

What 2 functions does the ear perform

A
  • detecting sounds by receiving vibrations in the air
  • Monitoring balance and sensing acceleration
46
Q

Middle ear contains 2 muscles, which offer protection against sounds above 80db by using the acoustic or aural reflex (T or F)

A

T

47
Q

What are the 3 small bones called the ossicles

A

hammer, anvil, and stirrup

48
Q

The acoustic or aural reflex can reduce noise level by up to

A

20db (protection only lasts 15 minutes, does not protect against sudden impulse noise)

49
Q

which part of the ear is filled with fluid

A

Inner ear

50
Q

A young person can typically hear sounds between ____ cycles per second or Hz

A

20 - 20,000

51
Q

Ear plugs reduce the noise by

A

up to 20db

52
Q

Ear defenders reduce the noise by

A

up to 40db

53
Q

Employees must always wear hearing protection for noise above

A

115db

54
Q

Level of damage is influenced by the intensity of the noise, this is known as

A

Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)

55
Q

What is presbycusis

A

Hearing deteriorates naturally with age

56
Q

What is Iconic memory

A

provides smooth stream of visual information to the brain

57
Q

What is Echoic memory

A

Registers sound

58
Q

explain selective attention

A
  • person monitoring serveral sources of input but focuses on source(s) that’s more important
59
Q

explain divided attention

A

people required to do more than one thing at the same time

60
Q

explain focussed attention

A

Channeling your attention towards a single source and avoiding distraction

61
Q

explain sustained attention

A
  • ability to maintain concentration and remain alert over long periods (Usually on one task)
62
Q

How can perception be defined

A

Process of assembling sensations into a usable mental representation of the world

63
Q

explain encoding (Input of information to memory)

A

input of information into the memory system

64
Q

What is short term memory also known as

A

working memory

65
Q

Explain short term memory

A
  • relatively small amount of information at one time (e.g. 5-9 items and for 10-20 seconds)
66
Q

what is claustrophobia

A

abnormal fear of being in an enclosed space

67
Q

What is Acrophobia

A

Fear of working at heights

68
Q

What is sensory memory (Ultra-short memory)

A

Brief storage, up to a couple of seconds

69
Q

What is storage?

A

creation of a permanent record of information

70
Q

How can short term memory be improved

A

Splitting information into ‘chunks’

71
Q

What is long term memory

A

Continuous storage of info where the storage capacity has no limits

72
Q

what 2 information does long term memory cover

A
  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory
73
Q

What is retrieval

A

getting information out of memory storage

74
Q

What are the 4 types of attention

A

Selective
Divided
Sustained
Focussed

M9✅ (7 decks)

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