9.1

Question 1

When was the Sinatra Doctrine published?

Answer 1

October 1989

Question 2

What were Gorbachev’s intentions regarding communist control?

Answer 2

He had never intended to weaken communist rule of Eastern Europe

He wanted to strengthen communism by reform

Once reform started, he was unable to contain it

Question 3

What happened in Poland?

Answer 3

1988

• Strikes throughout country

1989

• Solidarity wins elections
• Mazowiecki become first non-communist Prime Minister in Eastern Europe

Question 4

What happened in East Germany?

Answer 4

4th Nov 1989

• 1 million people protest in East Berlin

9th November 1989

• Berlin wall is opened

3rd October 1990

• Germany reunified into one country

Question 5

What happened in Czechoslovakia?

Answer 5

24th November 1989

• Communist government resigns

9 December 1989

• Vaclav Havel becomes first non-communist President since 1948

1990

• Democratic election won by Civic Forum
  
  • Alliance of anti-communist groups

Question 6

What happened in Hungary?

Answer 6

1988

• Gorbachev accepts that Hungary can become a multi-party state

1989

• Hungary opens its borders with Austria

1990

• Democratic elections won by Democratic Forum
  
  • Alliance of anti-communist groups

Question 7

What happened in Romania?

Answer 7

16 December 1989

• Secret Police fire on demonstrators in Timisoara

21 December 1989

• Huge crowd in Bucharest boos President Ceausescu, who flees but is captured

22-24 December 1989

• Army joins rebellion and fights secret police; hundreds are killed

1990

• Democratic elections won by National Salvation Front; containing many ex-communists

Question 8

What happened in Bulgaria?

Answer 8

1990

• Democratic elections won by renamed Comunist Party

Question 9

Why were Hungary’s reform important?

Answer 9

They opened their border with Austria

There was now a hole in the Iron Curtain

Question 10

What was the Sinatra Doctrine?

Answer 10

Doctrine which stated that members of the Warsaw Pact could decide their changes to their own countries without expecting outside interference

Put in place by Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 11

What was the impact of ‘ideology’ on Soviet foreign affairs?

Answer 11

Gorbachhev’s ‘new thinking’ meant that ideology would play a much smaller role in Soviet foreign affairs

This meant that the Soviet Union would not favour trade with communist countries over capitalist countries

Question 12

What happened to Soviet troops in Eastern European countries?

Answer 12

Soviet troops were withdrawn from bases in Eastern Europe bases to save money