Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

REPRO > 9.1 > Flashcards

9.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the pre-embryonic, embryonic and fetal periods.

A

PE: Fertilisation –> 2 weeks
E: 3 –> 8 weeks
F: 9 –> 38 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a crown rump length and how does it change in pregnancy?

A

Measurement of human embryo length from top of head to bottom of buttocks.
Increases rapidly in the pre-embryonic, embryonic and early fetal periods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe weight gain of fetus during pregnancy?

A

Slow at first but increases rapidly in the mid and late fetal periods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

At what week is the head half of the crown rump length.

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What proportion of the crown rump length is the head at healthy birth?

A

Approx 1/4 of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What process occurs as an early fetus, late fetes and embryo in terms of weight gain?

A

Embryonic period - Intense morphogenesis and differentiation with little weight gain and placaental growth most significant
Early fetus - protein deposition
Late fetus - adipose deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does the specialisation of the lungs occur? When do they become viable? Implication

A

Embryonic development only creates airway, no gas exchange parts.
Specialisation for function in fetal period
Viable only after 24 weeks
–> Pre term survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 4 stages of development of the respiratory system? Name and period.

A

Pseudoglandular stage: 8 - 16 weeks
Canalicular: 16 - 26 weeks
Terminal Sac stage: 26 - Term
Alveolar period: Late fetal - 8 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What occurs in the pseudo glandular stage?

A

Duct systems form within bronchi pulmonary segments created during the embryonic period.
Bronchioles develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What occurs in the canalicular stage?

A 
Formation of respiratory bronchioles
- Budding from bronchioles
More vascular
Some terminal sacs
May be viable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What occurs in the terminal sac stage?

A 
Terminal sacs begin to bud from the respiratory bronchioles
Some primitive alveoli
Differentiation of pneumocytes
Type 1 - gas exchange
Type 2 - surfactant production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When do most alveoli form?

A

95% post-natally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are the lungs prepared to assume full birder immediately after birth?

A

Breathing movement - conditioning of respiratory musculature.
Fluid filled - crucial for normal lung development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are corticospinal tracts required for and when do they begin to form?

A

Required for coordinated voluntary movement and begin to form in 4th month.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does myelination of the spinal cord and the brain begin?

A

Spinal cord - 20th week

Brain - 36th week (9th month)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does the fetus begin to move?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What changes occur in the brain during the fetal period?

A

Cerebral hemispheres become largest part of brain.
Gyri and sulci form after 5 months as brain grows faster than head.
Differentiation of cortex in cerebrum and cerebellum
Formation and myelination of nuclei and tracts
Relative growth of the spinal cord and vertebral column.

18
Q

At what week is maternal awareness of fetal movement?

A

17 onwards

19
Q

What senses mature first?

A

Hearing and taste before vision.

Organ of corgi developed at 5 months, tertian immature at birth.

20
Q

When is the definitive fetal heart rate achieved?

A

After 15 weeks.

21
Q

When is the ascent of the kidneys complete and when does fetal kidney function begin?

A

Week 10

22
Q

When are the renal pelvis and calyces present?

A

Week 23

23
Q

What is a major contribution of amniotic fluid

A

Fetal urine

24
Q

What occurs in the absence of fetal kidney function?

A

Oligohydramnios

25
Q

When is viability first a possibility

A

After 24 weeks when the lungs have entered the terminal sac stage.
When the brain is sufficiently mature to control body functions

26
Q

Describe respiratory distress syndrome.

A

Affects infants born prematurely
Insufficient surfactant production
Glucocorticoid treatment of mother increases production of surfactant in fetus (if pre-term delivery is unavoidable).

27
Q

How can fetal development be assessed?

A 
Ultrasound
Doppler ulatrasound
Non stress Test - monitors heart rate changes associated with fetal movement.
Biophysical profiles
Fetal movements kick chart
28
Q

What are the 5 measured variables in biophysical profiles?

A 
Fetal movement - nervous/MSK
Fetal heart rate - Resp
Amniotic fluid volume - Urinary/GI
Fetal tone - nervous/MSK
Fetal breathing - Resp/MSK/nervous
29
Q

When is a fetus regarded as having a growth restriction?

A

Weight is below 10th percentile for gestational age.

30
Q

What is a symmetrical growth restriction

A

Growth restriction is generalised and proportional.

31
Q

What is an symmetrical growth restriction? What causes this?

A

Abdominal growth lags
Relative sparing of head growth
Occurs with deprivation of nutritional and oxygen supply to fetus.

32
Q

How can duration of pregnancy be measured?

A

Fertilisation age - use of calendar months may cause inaccuracy
Age since mothers last menstrual period - irregular cycles may cause confusion.

33
Q

What criteria can be used to measure fetal age?

A 
T1 - Crown rump length
T2/3 - Biparietal diameter of head (distance between parietal bones) with abdominal circumference and femur length
Foot length
Weight after delivery
Appearance after delivery
34
Q

What is symphysis-fundal height?

A

Distance between pubic symphysis to top of uterus (fundus)

Measiured with a tape measure

35
Q

What can cause variation in symphysis fundal height?

A

Number of foetuses
Volume of amniotic fluid
Lie of the fetus

36
Q

What is oligohydramnios and what is it caused by?

A

Too little amniotic fluid

Can cause: placental insufficiency, fetal renal impairment and pre-eclampsia.

37
Q

What is polyhydramnios and what is it caused by?

A

Too much amniotic fluid
Fetal abnormality
Inability to coordinate swallow and blind ended oesophagus.

38
Q

What are the classifications of birth weights for growth restriction, average and macrosomia?

A

Less than 2500
3500
More than 4500

39
Q

What is the effect of poor nutrition during early and late pregnancy?

A

Early:
Neural tube defects E.g. DiGeorge syndorme

Late:
Asymmetrical growth restriction and oligohydramnios

40
Q

Importance of accurate dating

A

Babies can have low birth weight due to:
Premature
Small
Growth restriction

41
Q

How are pregnancy weeks calculated?

A

From the date of the LMP

Conception weeks + 2 so term is 40 pregnancy weeks

42
Q

What dos the respiratory system develop from

A

The respiratory diverticulum from the foregut

REPRO (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions