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Biology > 9 - Use of Biological Resources > Flashcards

9 - Use of Biological Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how to artificially create ideal conditions for photosynthesis

A
  • Greenhouses trap in heat to keep plants warm (farmers can also use heaters)
  • Farmers can increase the amount of CO2 by using a paraffin heater
  • This increases the amount of photosynthesis for the plants so the crop yields will be higher
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2
Q

How do farmers give plants enough nutrients?

A

By using fertilisers

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3
Q

Why is pest control useful?

A
  • Stops pests from eating plants
  • Pesticides (chemical) can be poisonous to humans too and kill other wildlife too
  • Biological control is using another organism to prey on the pests
  • Biological control can have longer lasting effects as the new organisms can adapt and become pests themselves or kill too many organisms (e.g. cane toads in Australia)
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4
Q

Describe the process of making yoghurt

A
  • Sterilise equipment
  • Pasteurise the milk (72*C for 15 seconds) to kill any microorganisms
  • Lactobacillus bacteria is added and the mixture is incubated (40*C) in a fermenter
  • The bacteria ferment the lactose sugar in the milk to form lactic acid causing the milk to clot and solidify to yoghurt
  • Flavours are often added
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5
Q

What is fermentation?

A

When microorganisms break sugars down to release energy - usually by anaerobic respiration

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6
Q

How are microorganisms grown?

A
  • In fermenters

- Can be used to make penicillin or insulin

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7
Q

How do fermenters work?

A
  • Nutrients needed by the microorganisms for growth are provided in the liquid culture medium
  • The pH is monitored and kept at the optimum level for the enzymes
  • Temperature is kept at the optimum temperature
  • Vessels are sterilised between uses with superheated steam that kills unwanted microbes. having aseptic conditions increases the yield
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8
Q

Why is it good to have aseptic conditions?

A

Having aseptic conditions increases the yield of the product as the organisms aren’t competing with other organisms. It also means the product is not contaminated

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9
Q

How do fermenters work?

A
  • Nutrients needed by the microorganisms for growth are provided in the liquid culture medium
  • The pH is monitored and kept at the optimum level for the enzymes
  • Temperature is kept at the optimum temperature
  • Vessels are sterilised between uses with superheated steam that kills unwanted microbes
  • Oxygen for respiration can be added by pumping sterile air
  • Microorganisms are kept in contact with fresh medium by paddles that circulate the medium around the vessels so there is equal access to the nutrients
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10
Q

Why is it good to have aseptic conditions?

A

Having aseptic conditions increases the yield of the product as the organisms aren’t competing with other organisms. It also means the product is not contaminated

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11
Q

Describe how to make beer

A
  • Made from grain (usually barley)
  • Allow to germinate for a few days so the starch in the grains is broken down into sugar by enzymes
  • The grains are dried in a kiln (called malting)
  • The malted grain is mashed up and water is added to produce a sugary solution with lots of bits and is then sieved
  • Hops are added to give a bitter flavour
  • Yeast is added
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12
Q

Describe how to make beer

A
  • Made from grain (usually barley)
  • Allow to germinate for a few days so the starch in the grains is broken down into sugar by enzymes
  • The grains are dried in a kiln (called malting)
  • The malted grain is mashed up and water is added to produce a sugary solution with lots of bits and is then sieved
  • Hops are added to give a bitter flavour
  • Yeast is added and the mixture is incubated
  • The yeast ferments the sugar into alcohol
  • The rising concentration of alcohol in the fermentation mixture due to anaerobic respiration eventually kills the yeast which slows down fermentation
  • The beer is drawn off through a tap
  • Clarifying agents can be added to remove particles and make it clearer
  • The beer is pasteurised to kill any yeast left and so it keeps better
  • Beer is sold
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13
Q

Describe how to make beer

A
  • Made from grain (usually barley)
  • Allow to germinate for a few days so the starch in the grains is broken down into sugar by enzymes
  • The grains are dried in a kiln (called malting)
  • The malted grain is mashed up and water is added to produce a sugary solution with lots of bits and is then sieved
  • Hops are added to give a bitter flavour
  • Yeast is added and the mixture is incubated
  • The yeast ferments the sugar into alcohol
  • The rising concentration of alcohol in the fermentation mixture due to anaerobic respiration eventually kills the yeast which slows down fermentation
  • The beer is drawn off through a tap
  • Clarifying agents can be added to remove particles and make it clearer
  • The beer is pasteurised to kill any yeast left and so it keeps better
  • Beer is sold
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14
Q

Describe an experiment to show the respiration rate of yeast depending on conditions

A
  • Mix together sugar, yeast and distilled water and add to a test tube
  • Attach a bung with a tube leading to a second test tube of water
  • Put the yeast tube in a water bath at a certain temperature
  • Count how many bubbles are produced in 1 minute
  • You could also use a gas syringe
  • This can be used to calculate the rate of CO2
  • Repeat at different temperatures up until the optimum temperature
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15
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Mating two organisms with desirable characteristics to increase the chance of the offspring inheriting these characteristics

  • Yield
  • Health/disease resistance
  • Animals = temperament/speed/fertility
  • Plants = attractive flowers, nice smells
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16
Q

How does selective breeding increase the productivity of cows?

A
  • High meat yield

- Continued over many generations to increase the whole cattle

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17
Q

How does selective breeding increase the number of offspring in sheep?

A
  • Female sheep who produce lots of offspring are bred more
18
Q

How does selective breeding increase the crop yield

A
  • e.g. tall wheat plants have good grain yield but are damaged easily by rain and wind
  • They are bred with dwarf wheat plants who can resist rain and wind but have a low yield
19
Q

How does selective breeding increase the crop yield

A
  • e.g. tall wheat plants have good grain yield but are damaged easily by rain and wind
  • They are bred with dwarf wheat plants who can resist rain and wind but have a low yield
20
Q

Describe how and why fish are farmed in the sea

A
  • The fish are kept in cages in the sea to stop them using as much energy swimming about
  • The cage also protects them from preditation
  • The fish are fed pellets that are carefully controlled to maximise the amount of energy they get meaning they will grow quicker and bigger
  • Young fish are kept in special tanks to make sure as many survive as possible
  • Keeping the small fish away from the big fish means they won’t be eaten and will have enough food
  • Fish kept in gages are more prone to disease and parasites (e.g. sea lice which can be treated with pesticides or biological control of wrasse)
  • The fish can be selectively bred to produce less aggressive, faster-growing fish
21
Q

What is intraspecification?

A

When organisms eat individuals of the same species

22
Q

What are the conditions for farming fish in tanks?

A
  • Water can be monitored for temperature, pH and oxygen level
  • Control the amount of food and the right type of food
  • Water can be removed and filtered to get rid of waste which keeps it clean for the fish
23
Q

What is the role of a restriction enzyme?

A

To recognise specific sequences of DNA and cut DNA at these points

24
Q

What is the role of a ligase enzymes?

A

Used to join two pieces of DNA together

25
Q

What is a recombinant DNA?

A

Two different bit of DNA stuck together

26
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Moving useful genes from an organism’s chromosomes into the cells of another

27
Q

Describe how vectors are used in genetic engineering

A

-

28
Q

What is a vector?

A

Something that is used to transfer DNA into a cell

There are two sorts - plasmids and viruses

29
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Vectors that are small, circular molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria

30
Q

What are viruses?

A

Vectors that insert DNA into the organism they infect

31
Q

Describe to process of genetic engineering

A
  • The wanted DNA is but out by a restriction enzyme
  • The vector DNA is cut open using the same restriction enzyme
  • The vector DNA and DNA being inserted are mixed together using ligase enzymes
  • The ligases join the two pieces of DNA together to produce recombinant DNA
  • The recombinant DNA (the vector with the new DNA) is inserted into other cells (e.g. bacteria)
  • the cells can now use the inserted gene to make the protein wanted
  • e.g. bacteria containing the gene for human insulin can be grown in huge number in a fermenter to produce insulin for people with diabetes (the are transgenic)
32
Q

What are viruses?

A

Vectors that insert DNA into the organism they infect

33
Q

What does transgenic mean?

A

The cell contains genes transferred from another species

34
Q

What does transgenic mean?

A

The cell contains genes transferred from another species

35
Q

Why are plants genetically modified?

A
  • To increase food production
  • Making crops insect-resistant so less pesticides are used
  • Making crops herbicide-resistant means farmers can spray their crops to kill weeds without affecting the plat`
36
Q

Why are plants genetically modified?

A
  • To increase food production
  • Making crops insect-resistant so less pesticides are used
  • Making crops herbicide-resistant means farmers can spray their crops to kill weeds without affecting the plant`
37
Q

How can plants be cloned?

A

Micropropagation

38
Q

Describe the process of micropropagation

A
  • A desirable plant is chosen and small pieces are taken from the tips of the stems and the side shoots (called explants)
  • It is sterilised
  • The explants a placed in a petri dish containing a nutrient medium (which has all the nutrients needed for growth)
  • The cells in the explants divide and grow into a small plant
  • The small plants are taken out od the medium, planted in soil and put in glasshouses so they develop into plants that are genetically identical to the original plant
39
Q

Describe how to clone a mammal

A
  • The nucleus of the animal is removed creating an enucleated cell
  • A diploid nucleus (with a full set of chromosomes) is inserted to replace the nucleus
  • The cell is stimulated by an electric shock so it starts dividing by mitosis
  • The cell is inserted into a surrogate mother
40
Q

What are uses/advantages of cloning?

A
  • Animals who produce medicine in their milk can be cloned
  • Animals (pigs) have organs suitable for organ transplantation to humans
  • Useful genetic characteristics are always passed on which doesn’t always happen in reproduction
41
Q

What are some risks/disadvantages of cloning?

A
  • It is a new scientific idea that people are not used to so they don’t agree
  • Cloned animals may not be as healthy as normal and often die
  • Expensive
  • Time consuming
  • Difficult and rarely works

Biology (9 decks)

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