2 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A
  • Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

- Examples include starch and glycogen

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2
Q

What is starch made of?

A

Maltose

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3
Q

What is glycogen made of?

A

Glucose

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4
Q

What are proteins?

A
  • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

- Made of long chains of amino acids

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5
Q

What are lipids?

A
  • Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

- Made of fatty acids and glycerol

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6
Q

Describe a test for glucose

A
  • Use Benedict’s reagent
  • Add to a sample and heat but don’t boil
  • Colour change from blue to green-yellow-orange-red (depending on concentration)
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7
Q

Describe a test for starch

A
  • Use iodine

- Colour changes from brown/orange to blue/black

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Found - pasta, rice, sugar

Functions - provides energy

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9
Q

Lipids

A

Found - butter, oily fish

Functions - provides energy, acts as an energy store and provides insulation

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10
Q

Proteins

A

Found - meat, fish

Function - needed for growth and repair of tissues and to provide energy in an emergency

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11
Q

Vitamin A

A

Found - liver

Function - helps to improve vision and keeps hair and skin healthy

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12
Q

Vitamin C

A

Found - oranges

Function - prevents scurvy

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13
Q

Vitamin D

A

Found - eggs, sunlight

Function - helps calcium absorption

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14
Q

Calcium

A

Mineral ion
Found - milk, cheese
Function - helps makes bones and teeth

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15
Q

Iron

A

Mineral ion
Found - red meat
Function - helps make haemoglobin for healthy blood

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16
Q

Water

A

Found - food and drink

Function - for every bodily function. Also for replacing water lost by sweating, breathing and urination

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17
Q

Dietary fibre

A

Found - wholemeal bread

Function - aids the movement of food through the alimentary canal

18
Q

What are the energy requirements?

A

Activity level - more active = more energy needed
Age - younger = more energy for growth
Pregnancy - pregnant = more energy needed for the baby to develop

19
Q

Describe an experiment to find the energy from food

A
  • Find a food that burns easily e.g. peanuts or pasta
  • Weigh a small amount and put it on a mounted needle
  • Add 25cm3 of water to a boiling tube (held with a clamp)
  • Measure the temperature of the water then set fire to the food (away from the water)
  • Put the flame directly under the water and keep relighting until not possible
  • Measure the temperature of the water again
  • Energy in food = mass of water x temperature change of water x 4.2 (amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1g by 1*C)
  • Energy per gram of food = energy in food / mass of food
20
Q

What is the function of bile?

A
  • Produced in the liver
  • Stored in the gall bladder
  • Released in the small intestines
  • Neutralises the acidic stomach so enzymes can work best
  • Emulsifies fats so there is a bigger surface area for the lipase enzymes to work on (makes digestion faster)
21
Q

Amylase

A

Converts starch to maltose

22
Q

Maltase

A

Converts maltose to glucose

23
Q

Protease

A

Converts proteins into amino acids

24
Q

Lipase

A

Converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

25
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

They break down large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble ones

26
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

Your gut

  • Mouth
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Gall bladder
  • Small intestines
  • Large intestines
  • Anus
27
Q

Mouth

A
  • Salivary glands produce amylase enzyme

- Teeth break down food mechanically

28
Q

Stomach

A
  • Pummels food with muscular walls
  • Produces protease enzyme (pepsin)
  • Produces HCl to kill bacteria and acidify the stomach
29
Q

Liver

A
  • Produces bile
30
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes

- Releases them into the small intestines

31
Q

Gall bladder

A
  • Where bile is stored
32
Q

Small intestines

A
  • Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion
  • Where the nutrients are absorbed out of the alimentary canal into the body
33
Q

Large intestines

A
  • Where excess water is absorbed from food
34
Q

Anus

A
  • Where faeces leave the body
35
Q

What is peristalisis?

A

Circular waves of muscle contractions to help the movement of food through the alimentary canal

36
Q

What are the stages of digestion?

A
1 - Ingestion
2 - Digestion
3 - Absorption 
4 - Assimilation
5 - Egestion
37
Q

What is ingestion?

A

1 - Putting food or drink into the mouth

38
Q

What is digestion?

A

2 - The break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones. Can be chemical or mechanical

39
Q

What is absorption?

A

3 - The process of moving molecules through the walls of the intestines into the blood

  • Digested food is absorbed in the small intestines
  • Water is absorbed in the large intestines
40
Q

What is assimilation?

A

4 - When digested molecules move into body cells and become part of the cell (e.g. when amino acids are assimilated they are used to become cellular proteins)

41
Q

What is egestion?

A

5 - The removal of undigested molecules in the form of faeces through the anus

42
Q

What are villi? How are they used for absorption?

A
  • Millions of them cover the walls of the small intestines
  • There are microvilli on each villi
  • This increases the surface area for absorption
  • Only one permeable layer thick so not far to travel
  • Good blood supply