9. Urogenital Pathogens (Emily) Flashcards
What kind of commensal bacteria are present in the urogenital tract?
-Gram+
-Gram-
-Mycoplasma spp
-Ureaplasma spp
Which gram- bacteria is the most common with UTI’s of companion animals?
E. coli! Extraintestinal infections by uropathogenic E.coli (UPEC)
UTI’s are caused by ___________ microbiota
Commensal
Ascending urethra to bladder infection is called _________
Cystitis
Ascending ureter to kidney infection is called ____________
Pyelonephritis :(
What two things allow commensal bacteria to accomplish infection?
- Host factors
- Bacterial factors/virulence mechanisms
What are some clinical presentations of cystitis?
-Dysuria, pollakiuria, stranguria, and/or hematuria
-Pain in caudal abdomen/back
What are some clinical presentations of pyelonephritis?
-Kidney or flank pain
-+/- fever
-Sometimes vomit (real), polyuria and polydipsia
What is the preferred method of urine collection?
Cystocentesis
When should urine be cultured?
Within 24 hours if in red or white top tube, within 24-72 hours if in grey top tube
What are some features of Corynebacterium?
-Gram+
-Pleomorphic
-Rod-shaped
-Opportunistic*
-Specific to cattle*
-25-30% of cases are fatal***
What are the 3 common Corynebacterium species in cattle?
C. cystitidis > C. renale > C. pilosum
Cystitis from Corynebacterium happens exclusively in ________ _______
Older cows
Pyelonephritis from Corynebacterium happens from an ascending infection from the __________
Vagina
What are the major risk factors for a Corynebacterium infection?
-Short female urethra
-Stress of parturition and peak lactation
-Dystocia
-High protein diet
-Physical damage and obstruction of urinary tract
What are 2 virulence factors of Corynebacterium?
- Pili - bind to epithelium
- Urease - produce ammonia tot inflame mucosa and increase pH
How is Corynebacterium shed?
In the urine and contaminates soil
What is the first clinical sign of a Corynebacterium infection?
Blood-tinged urine
What are some acute signs of Corynebacterium?
-Frequent urination
-Anorexia
-Fever
-Decreased milk production
-Signs of pain
What are some chronic signs of Corynebacterium?
-Colic
-Diarrhea
-Weight loss
-PUPD
-Stranguria
-Anemia
What happens as a Corynebacterium infection progresses?
-Bladder gets thickened and inflammed
-Ureters thickened and dilated with purulent exudate
-Lesions in kidney -> blood and exudate in urine
Are both kidneys usually affected with Corynebacterium?
No, usually only one kidney affected
What diagnostics can be done to confirm Corynebacterium?
-Rectal palp of left kidney
-US of kidneys, ureters, and bladder
-Urinalysis (sterile urine)
-C & S (sterile urine)
What 3 things will you see in the urine of a cow with Corynebacterium?
-Hematuria
-Proteinuria
-Pyuria
Antibiotics are only useful in the _______ stages of infection
Acute
What happens to the kidneys with a chronic Corynebacterium infection?
They are irreversibly damaged
Bacterial reproductive tract infections can cause: (4 things)
-Abortion
-Metritis
-Endometritis
-Pyometra
Most cases of reproductive tract infections are caused by ________ __________
Opportunistic bacteria
Reproductive infections have a distinct pathogen-__________ manifestation relationship
Clinical
Canine pyometra is usually caused by which pathogen?***
E. coli
Equine endometritis is usually caused by which pathogen?
Strep. zooepidemicus
Brucellosis usually causes _________
abortion
Leptospirosis usually causes an _____________ and __________
Intrauterine infection; abortion
What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) in dogs with pyometra?
Sustained influence of progesterone that suppresses leukocyte activity and favours secondary ascending bacterial infection
What are clinical signs of pyometra?
-Lethargy/depression
-Pyrexia
-Anorexia
-Vomiting
-Diarrhea
-PUPD
What is an open pyometra?
The cervix is open and causes serosanguinous to mucopurulent vaginal discharge
What is a closed pyometra?
The cervix is closed and vaginal discharge may not be present
What two diagnostics are best for diagnosing pyometra?
-Cytology
-C & S
What are 2 ways to treat pyometra?
Surgical: ovariohysterectomy
Conservative: Prostaglandins
Acute puerperal metritis is an _________
Emergency
What 3 bacteria species are common in metritis?
-Trueperella pyogenes
-Fusobacterium necrophorum
-Bacteroides species
What are clinical signs of acute puerperal metritis?
-Fetid, watery reddish-brown uterine discharge within 21 days of parturition
-Fever
Endometritis can be _________ or subclinical
Clinical
What characterizes clinical endometritis?
Mucopurulent to purulent discharge more than 21 days post partum
What is Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus a commensal pathogen of?
The upper resp and caudal reproductive tract of horses
What does Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus cause when its an opportunistic pathogen of the reproductive tract?
Endometritis and placentitis
What is endometritis an ascending infection from?
Clitoral fossa and vagina reservoirs
What infection is one of the most frequent causes of infectious abortion and placentitis?
Endometritis
What is epididymitis?
A subsequent infection to infections of the accessory sex glands
How is Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus diagnosed?
-Cytology
-C&S testing
Taylorella equigenitalis is a _________ _________
Reportable disease
What is Taylorella equigenitalis and where does it occur?
It’s an obligate symbiotic, facultative pathogenic microorganism. Selectively occurs in the genital tract of horses
How is Taylorella equigenitalis spread?
Venereal. Can be from direct contact (live-cover breeding) or indirect contact (AI)
Do stallions typically show clinical signs with Taylorella equigenitalis?
No! They also have no immunity and are carriers on external genitalia
What is the name of the condition Taylorella equigenitalis causes?
Contagious equine metritis (CEM)
What are clinical manifestations of CEM?
-Endometritis
-Cervicitis
-Vaginitis
Acute infection with CEM will cause temporary ________
Infertility
If a mare is pregnant while infected with CEM, it’ll cause __________
Abortion
What is the main clinical sign of CEM?
Intense neutrophilic endometritis
What is the gold standard for CEM diagnosis?
Bacteriological isolation
Which 2 species of Campylobacter are most important?
-Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis
-Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus
Campylobacter is an __________ pathogen and causes enzootic sterility in cows
Obligate
How is Campylobacter transmitted?
-Venereal
-Fomites
What clinical manifestation can cows with bovine genital campylobacteriosis have?
Varying degrees of mucopurulent endometritis
Do bulls show clinical signs of bovine genital campylobacteriosis?
No. They are asymptomatic and produce normal semen
How can campylobacteriosis be diagnosed?
-PCR
-Fluorescent antibody
-Culture
Brucella are:
Obligate pathogenic microorganisms
Where do Brucella replicate?
In macrophages
Brucellosis is a reportable disease and is __________!**
Zoonotic
What is the worlds most widespread zoonosis?
Brucellosis
What are the 2 ways Brucellosis is commonly transmitted?
-Direct contact with aborted fetuses and fluids
-Ingestion of colostrum/milk from infected animal
Who are most at risk for contracting Brucellosis?
Vets and animal workers
What abilities makes Brucella so virulent?
Invade host cells (including phagocytes) and survive and replicate within them
Brucella invades through what?
The oral mucosa
Infected animals can remain _______ of Brucellosis
Carriers
Is there a treatment for Brucellosis in any species?
Nope
Is vaccination for Brucellosis permitted in Canada?
Nope
What kind of testing is best to diagnose Brucellosis?
Serology
What is the clinical presentation of Brucella canis in female dogs?
Abortion
What is the clinical presentation of Brucella canis in male dogs?
Testicular abnormalities (enlargement of tail of epididymis, orchitis and epididymitis)
What is the gold standard for Brucella diagnosis in dogs?
Bacterial culture
Which species of Leptospira is pathogenic?
Leptospira interrogans
Is Leptospira host specific?
No
Where does reservoir host replication occur with Leptospira?
Kidney tubules and shedding in urine
Is Leptospirosis zoonotic?
Yes!
How long can Leptospira survive in the environment for?
Several months
Which virulence factors allow dissemination and replication of Leptospira?
-LPS
-Sphingomyelinases
-Hemolysins
-Porins
If an animal has a high antibody titre for Leptospira and no clinical disease, what is the interpretation?
The organism has been eliminated
Organ damage from Leptospirosis depends on __________ and host susceptibility
Virulence
What 3 clinical diseases are associated with Leptospirosis?
-Acute renal failure
-Hepatic dysfunction
-Reproductive tract infection
What are 3 clinical signs (types) of leptospirosis?
-Peracute leptospirosis
-Acute leptospirosis
-Subacute leptospirosis
What is the gold standard for Leptospirosis diagnosis?
Culture (but they are fastidious and slow-growing)
How can Leptospirosis be prevented?
-Limit exposure to stagnant water
-Isolate infected animals and clean thoroughly
-Vaccination (cattle and dogs)
Vaccination for leptospirosis in dogs protects against….
Clinical disease, but not carrier status
Listeria is ________*
Zoonotic
Listeria is a facultative (intracellular/extracellular) bacteria
Intracellular
What are 2 virulence factors for Listeria?
-Listeriolysin
-Phospholipase C
What are two methods of pathogenesis for listeria?
- Ascends to brainstem from oral mucosa
- Hematogenous spread from intestinal mucosa
What are 3 clinical manifestations of listeria?
- Visceral form (septicemia)
- Reproductive form (abortion)
- Neural form (Meningoencephalitis)
What is the best diagnostic test for listeriosis?
Bacterial C&S testing
