9. Urogenital Pathogens (Emily) Flashcards by Emily Huff

What kind of commensal bacteria are present in the urogenital tract?

-Gram+
-Gram-
-Mycoplasma spp
-Ureaplasma spp

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Which gram- bacteria is the most common with UTI’s of companion animals?

E. coli! Extraintestinal infections by uropathogenic E.coli (UPEC)

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UTI’s are caused by ___________ microbiota

Commensal

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Ascending urethra to bladder infection is called _________

Cystitis

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Ascending ureter to kidney infection is called ____________

Pyelonephritis :(

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What two things allow commensal bacteria to accomplish infection?

Host factors
Bacterial factors/virulence mechanisms

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What are some clinical presentations of cystitis?

-Dysuria, pollakiuria, stranguria, and/or hematuria
-Pain in caudal abdomen/back

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What are some clinical presentations of pyelonephritis?

-Kidney or flank pain
-+/- fever
-Sometimes vomit (real), polyuria and polydipsia

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What is the preferred method of urine collection?

Cystocentesis

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When should urine be cultured?

Within 24 hours if in red or white top tube, within 24-72 hours if in grey top tube

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What are some features of Corynebacterium?

-Gram+
-Pleomorphic
-Rod-shaped
-Opportunistic*
-Specific to cattle*
-25-30% of cases are fatal***

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What are the 3 common Corynebacterium species in cattle?

C. cystitidis > C. renale > C. pilosum

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Cystitis from Corynebacterium happens exclusively in ________ _______

Older cows

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Pyelonephritis from Corynebacterium happens from an ascending infection from the __________

Vagina

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What are the major risk factors for a Corynebacterium infection?

-Short female urethra
-Stress of parturition and peak lactation
-Dystocia
-High protein diet
-Physical damage and obstruction of urinary tract

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What are 2 virulence factors of Corynebacterium?

Pili - bind to epithelium
Urease - produce ammonia tot inflame mucosa and increase pH

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How is Corynebacterium shed?

In the urine and contaminates soil

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What is the first clinical sign of a Corynebacterium infection?

Blood-tinged urine

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What are some acute signs of Corynebacterium?

-Frequent urination
-Anorexia
-Fever
-Decreased milk production
-Signs of pain

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What are some chronic signs of Corynebacterium?

-Colic
-Diarrhea
-Weight loss
-PUPD
-Stranguria
-Anemia

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What happens as a Corynebacterium infection progresses?

-Bladder gets thickened and inflammed
-Ureters thickened and dilated with purulent exudate
-Lesions in kidney -> blood and exudate in urine

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Are both kidneys usually affected with Corynebacterium?

No, usually only one kidney affected

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What diagnostics can be done to confirm Corynebacterium?

-Rectal palp of left kidney
-US of kidneys, ureters, and bladder
-Urinalysis (sterile urine)
-C & S (sterile urine)

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What 3 things will you see in the urine of a cow with Corynebacterium?

-Hematuria
-Proteinuria
-Pyuria

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Antibiotics are only useful in the _______ stages of infection

Acute

What happens to the kidneys with a chronic Corynebacterium infection?

They are irreversibly damaged

Bacterial reproductive tract infections can cause: (4 things)

-Abortion -Metritis -Endometritis -Pyometra

Most cases of reproductive tract infections are caused by ________ __________

Opportunistic bacteria

Reproductive infections have a distinct pathogen-__________ manifestation relationship

Clinical

Canine pyometra is usually caused by which pathogen?***

E. coli

Equine endometritis is usually caused by which pathogen?

Strep. zooepidemicus

Brucellosis usually causes _________

abortion

Leptospirosis usually causes an _____________ and __________

Intrauterine infection; abortion

What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) in dogs with pyometra?

Sustained influence of progesterone that suppresses leukocyte activity and favours secondary ascending bacterial infection

What are clinical signs of pyometra?

-Lethargy/depression -Pyrexia -Anorexia -Vomiting -Diarrhea -PUPD

What is an open pyometra?

The cervix is open and causes serosanguinous to mucopurulent vaginal discharge

What is a closed pyometra?

The cervix is closed and vaginal discharge may not be present

What two diagnostics are best for diagnosing pyometra?

-Cytology -C & S

What are 2 ways to treat pyometra?

Surgical: ovariohysterectomy Conservative: Prostaglandins

Acute puerperal metritis is an _________

Emergency

What 3 bacteria species are common in metritis?

-Trueperella pyogenes -Fusobacterium necrophorum -Bacteroides species

What are clinical signs of acute puerperal metritis?

-Fetid, watery reddish-brown uterine discharge within 21 days of parturition -Fever

Endometritis can be _________ or subclinical

Clinical

What characterizes clinical endometritis?

Mucopurulent to purulent discharge more than 21 days post partum

What is Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus a commensal pathogen of?

The upper resp and caudal reproductive tract of horses

What does Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus cause when its an opportunistic pathogen of the reproductive tract?

Endometritis and placentitis

What is endometritis an ascending infection from?

Clitoral fossa and vagina reservoirs

What infection is one of the most frequent causes of infectious abortion and placentitis?

Endometritis

What is epididymitis?

A subsequent infection to infections of the accessory sex glands

How is Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus diagnosed?

-Cytology -C&S testing

Taylorella equigenitalis is a _________ _________

Reportable disease

What is Taylorella equigenitalis and where does it occur?

It's an obligate symbiotic, facultative pathogenic microorganism. Selectively occurs in the genital tract of horses

How is Taylorella equigenitalis spread?

Venereal. Can be from direct contact (live-cover breeding) or indirect contact (AI)

Do stallions typically show clinical signs with Taylorella equigenitalis?

No! They also have no immunity and are carriers on external genitalia

What is the name of the condition Taylorella equigenitalis causes?

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)

What are clinical manifestations of CEM?

-Endometritis -Cervicitis -Vaginitis

Acute infection with CEM will cause temporary ________

Infertility

If a mare is pregnant while infected with CEM, it'll cause __________

Abortion

What is the main clinical sign of CEM?

Intense neutrophilic endometritis

What is the gold standard for CEM diagnosis?

Bacteriological isolation

Which 2 species of Campylobacter are most important?

-Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis -Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus

Campylobacter is an __________ pathogen and causes enzootic sterility in cows

Obligate

How is Campylobacter transmitted?

-Venereal -Fomites

What clinical manifestation can cows with bovine genital campylobacteriosis have?

Varying degrees of mucopurulent endometritis

Do bulls show clinical signs of bovine genital campylobacteriosis?

No. They are asymptomatic and produce normal semen

How can campylobacteriosis be diagnosed?

-PCR -Fluorescent antibody -Culture

Brucella are:

Obligate pathogenic microorganisms

Where do Brucella replicate?

In macrophages

Brucellosis is a reportable disease and is __________!**

Zoonotic

What is the worlds most widespread zoonosis?

Brucellosis

What are the 2 ways Brucellosis is commonly transmitted?

-Direct contact with aborted fetuses and fluids -Ingestion of colostrum/milk from infected animal

Who are most at risk for contracting Brucellosis?

Vets and animal workers

What abilities makes Brucella so virulent?

Invade host cells (including phagocytes) and survive and replicate within them

Brucella invades through what?

The oral mucosa

Infected animals can remain _______ of Brucellosis

Carriers

Is there a treatment for Brucellosis in any species?

Nope

Is vaccination for Brucellosis permitted in Canada?

Nope

What kind of testing is best to diagnose Brucellosis?

Serology

What is the clinical presentation of Brucella canis in female dogs?

Abortion

What is the clinical presentation of Brucella canis in male dogs?

Testicular abnormalities (enlargement of tail of epididymis, orchitis and epididymitis)

What is the gold standard for Brucella diagnosis in dogs?

Bacterial culture

Which species of Leptospira is pathogenic?

Leptospira interrogans

Is Leptospira host specific?

Where does reservoir host replication occur with Leptospira?

Kidney tubules and shedding in urine

Is Leptospirosis zoonotic?

Yes!

How long can Leptospira survive in the environment for?

Several months

Which virulence factors allow dissemination and replication of Leptospira?

-LPS -Sphingomyelinases -Hemolysins -Porins

If an animal has a high antibody titre for Leptospira and no clinical disease, what is the interpretation?

The organism has been eliminated

Organ damage from Leptospirosis depends on __________ and host susceptibility

Virulence

What 3 clinical diseases are associated with Leptospirosis?

-Acute renal failure -Hepatic dysfunction -Reproductive tract infection

What are 3 clinical signs (types) of leptospirosis?

-Peracute leptospirosis -Acute leptospirosis -Subacute leptospirosis

What is the gold standard for Leptospirosis diagnosis?

Culture (but they are fastidious and slow-growing)

How can Leptospirosis be prevented?

-Limit exposure to stagnant water -Isolate infected animals and clean thoroughly -Vaccination (cattle and dogs)

Vaccination for leptospirosis in dogs protects against....

Clinical disease, but not carrier status

Listeria is ________*

Zoonotic

Listeria is a facultative (intracellular/extracellular) bacteria

Intracellular

What are 2 virulence factors for Listeria?

-Listeriolysin -Phospholipase C

What are two methods of pathogenesis for listeria?

1. Ascends to brainstem from oral mucosa 2. Hematogenous spread from intestinal mucosa

What are 3 clinical manifestations of listeria?

1. Visceral form (septicemia) 2. Reproductive form (abortion) 3. Neural form (Meningoencephalitis)

What is the best diagnostic test for listeriosis?

Bacterial C&S testing