9 spleen liver hernia ovaries

Question 1

What are the two parts of the Omentum?

Answer 1

Greater and Lesser Omentum.

Question 2

What is the function of the Greater Omentum?

Answer 2

It contains milky spots for immune response, absorbs bacteria, and helps isolate contamination.

Question 3

What are the three portions of the Greater Omentum?

Answer 3

• Bursal
• Splenic
• Veil

Question 4

What is the Hepatogastric Ligament?

Answer 4

A portion of the Lesser Omentum that connects the liver to the stomach.

Question 5

What is the Omental bursa?

Answer 5

A potential space between the layers of the omentum, a closed sac except for the epiploic foramen.

Question 6

List three surgical conditions where the omentum is utilized.

Answer 6

• Post Enterectomy: omental patching
• Post Enterotomy: omental patching
• Omental pedicle grafts for skin wounds

Question 7

What is the primary function of the Diaphragm?

Answer 7

It separates abdominal and thoracic organs and assists in ventilation.

Question 8

What are the major openings in the Diaphragm?

Answer 8

• Aortic hiatus
• Oesophageal hiatus
• Caval foramen

Question 9

What is the innervation of the Diaphragm?

Answer 9

Phrenic nerves arising from 5th, 6th, 7th cervical nerves.

Question 10

What organ is most commonly displaced into the thoracic cavity due to traumatic diaphragmatic rupture?

Answer 10

Liver.

Question 11

True or False: Traumatic diaphragmatic hernias can lead to lung compression.

Answer 11

True.

Question 12

What is a Congenital Portosystemic shunt?

Answer 12

A vascular anomaly causing portal blood to bypass the liver.

Question 13

What are the clinical pathology tests expected abnormalities for Congenital Portosystemic shunts?

Answer 13

• Normochromic non-regenerative anemia
• Increased ALT
• Decreased glucose, albumin, urea

Question 14

What imaging modalities can be used to identify Congenital Portosystemic shunts?

Answer 14

• Abdominal ultrasound
• Contrast CT/CT Angiography
• Portography

Question 15

Name one surgical technique used to treat Congenital Portosystemic shunts.

Answer 15

Gradual attenuation using Ameroid constrictor.

Question 16

What is the primary blood supply to the liver?

Answer 16

Hepatic arteries from celiac artery and portal veins.

Question 17

What is bile peritonitis?

Answer 17

Severe inflammation of the abdominal cavity caused by bile leakage.

Question 18

What happens when bile leaks into the abdominal cavity?

Answer 18

It causes inflammation and can lead to necrosis and shock.

Question 19

What is the risk if the splenic artery is ligated proximal to the pancreatic branch?

Answer 19

pancreatic necrosis (left limb).

Question 20

Fill in the blank: The main blood drainage of the liver occurs through ___ veins.

Answer 20

[hepatic]

Question 21

What is the purpose of splenic and short gastric ligation during a splenectomy?

Answer 21

To preserve the pancreatic and left gastroepiploic branches to protect supply to pancreas and stomach.

Question 22

What surgical approach is used for a splenectomy?

Answer 22

Large midline celiotomy from xiphoid to caudal umbilicus, with moist sponges covering edges and removal of falciform.

Question 23

What should be done before excising adhesions during a splenectomy?

Answer 23

Find and ligate any active bleeding vessels first.

Question 24

What technique is used to release the head of the spleen?

Answer 24

Triple clamp and cut between the 2nd and 3rd clamp.

Question 25

What should be avoided if the spleen is twisted during a splenectomy?

Answer 25

Avoid untwisting, as it can release thrombi and vasoactive compounds into circulation.

Question 26

What is the role of the greater omentum during pancreatic surgery?

Answer 26

It needs to be opened to visualize the left limb of the pancreas.

Question 27

What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen?

Answer 27

Dorsally by caudal vena cava, ventrally by portal vein and hepatic artery, cranially by caudate lobe of liver, caudally by celiac artery.

Question 28

What structures pass through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?

Answer 28

Aorta, azygeous, hemiazygous veins, lumbar cistern of thoracic duct.

Question 29

What structures pass through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

Answer 29

Oesophagus and its blood supply, dorsal and ventral vagal trunks.

Question 30

What structures pass through the caval foramen of the diaphragm?

Answer 30

Caudal vena cava and adventitia.

Question 31

What are the two main arteries that supply the colon?

Answer 31

* Cranial mesenteric artery (common colic artery) * Left colic branch of caudal mesenteric artery.

Question 32

What is the significance of preserving the ileocecal valve during colonic surgeries?

Answer 32

It decreases the chance of intractable diarrhea from SIBO.

Question 33

What is the consequence of ligating individual vasa recta during distal colon resection?

Answer 33

Helps preserve blood supply.

Question 34

What is the falciform ligament?

Answer 34

A fold of peritoneum that extends from umbilicus to diaphragm.

Question 35

What is the embryological origin of the falciform ligament?

Answer 35

It originates from embryonic ventral mesentery, part of the foregut.

Question 36

What are the three main ligaments that support the ovary?

Answer 36

* Suspensory ligament * Proper ligament (ovarian ligament) * Broad ligament of the uterus.

Question 37

Where do the paired ovarian arteries arise from?

Answer 37

From the caudal aorta, caudal to renal arteries, cranial to deep circumflex iliac.

Question 38

What is the drainage route for the right ovarian vein?

Answer 38

Drains into the caudal vena cava.

Question 39

What is the drainage route for the left ovarian vein?

Answer 39

Enters left renal vein.