9. Speech Production

Question 1

Strategies for fluent speech

Answer 1

Preformulation: using phrases produced before (sports commentators)

Underspecification: using simplified speech patterns

Repetition: cued by other words

Question 2

Freudian slips

Answer 2

Wrongs things said are as a result of repressed thoughts

Doesn’t always make sense
Research suggests errors come from the inner workings of language

Question 3

Semantic substitution

Answer 3

Ie tennis bat.

Correct word is replaced by one with similar meaning

Question 4

Word exchange error

Answer 4

Swapping word order in a sentence
Ie letting the house out of the cat

Suggests that sentences are not planned word by word

Question 5

Morpheme exchange errors

Answer 5

Inflections attached to the wrong words

Eg I randomed some samply

Question 6

Spoonerisms

Answer 6

When the start of a word is swapped

Eg par cark

Question 7

Classification of speech errors

Answer 7

Substitution
Exchange
Additions

May occur at word level or morpheme or phoneme level

Question 8

What causes errors

Answer 8

Misapplication of rules for combining one type of unit or another

Occurs writhing levels so exchange word for word or phoneme for phoneme

A wrong unit is activated and out competes the correct unit, is anticipation errors

Question 9

Speech disfluencies

Answer 9

False starts
Fillers (umm err)
Correction of errors

Question 10

Stuttering

Answer 10

Involuntary repetition of sound or word
OR
involuntary silence

Huge social and mental implications for the individuals life

Question 11

WEAVER model of speech production

Answer 11

Word-form Encoding by Activation and VERification

Serial process
Each process must be complete before the next one starts

1. Conceptual (semantic level)
2. Lemma (grammatical and syntactic properties) represents a specific meaning but with no sounds attached to it
3. Lexeme (basic spoken word forms, morphemes and phonemic segments) concrete phonological form of the word

Tip of the tongue is activation up to the lemma but not the lexeme

Question 12

Spreading activation theory

Answer 12

Speech planning occurs at the same time at all 4 levels

Semantic- meaning of what is to be said

Syntactic- grammatical structure

Morphological- basic units of meaning or word forms in the planned sentence

Phonological- phonemes or basic units of sound in a sentence

Errors occur when an incorrect item is more activated than a correct item in the same level

Parallel activation leads to spoonerisms and anticipation error

Question 13

WEAVER comparison points

Answer 13

Serial (conceptual > lemma> lexeme)

Not interactive- one level must finish before the next

Stages are discrete l

Question 14

Spreading activation theory

Answer 14

Parallel

Interactive processing

Different types of info can be processed together

Question 15

Prospects cues

Answer 15

Rhythm, stress, intonation

Question 16

Discourse makers

Answer 16

Words that don’t directly contribute to the content but clarify intentions ( well, anyway, oh)

Question 17

Common ground in communication

Answer 17

Reduced error rate in construction when communication was freely allowed

Question 18

Planning speech

Initial design model

Answer 18

Initial plan takes into account listeners common ground

Question 19

Planning speech

Monitoring and adjustment model

Answer 19

Plans speech without considering listeners common ground
Then correct and monitor plans to adjust for common ground

USE THIS MOST OF THE TIME

Question 20

Establishing common ground

Shared responsibility

Answer 20

Speaker expects the listener to voice concerns

TYPICALLY RELY ON THIS

Question 21

Establishing common ground

Cognitive overload

Answer 21

Speaker tries to keep track of both sets of knowledge

Requires excess cognitive processing!

Question 22

Why are tongue twisters trickey

Answer 22

Similar sounds have overlapping brain regions that can get confused.