9. Speech Production Flashcards
Strategies for fluent speech
Preformulation: using phrases produced before (sports commentators)
Underspecification: using simplified speech patterns
Repetition: cued by other words
Freudian slips
Wrongs things said are as a result of repressed thoughts
Doesn’t always make sense
Research suggests errors come from the inner workings of language
Semantic substitution
Ie tennis bat.
Correct word is replaced by one with similar meaning
Word exchange error
Swapping word order in a sentence
Ie letting the house out of the cat
Suggests that sentences are not planned word by word
Morpheme exchange errors
Inflections attached to the wrong words
Eg I randomed some samply
Spoonerisms
When the start of a word is swapped
Eg par cark
Classification of speech errors
Substitution
Exchange
Additions
May occur at word level or morpheme or phoneme level
What causes errors
Misapplication of rules for combining one type of unit or another
Occurs writhing levels so exchange word for word or phoneme for phoneme
A wrong unit is activated and out competes the correct unit, is anticipation errors
Speech disfluencies
False starts
Fillers (umm err)
Correction of errors
Stuttering
Involuntary repetition of sound or word
OR
involuntary silence
Huge social and mental implications for the individuals life
WEAVER model of speech production
Word-form Encoding by Activation and VERification
Serial process
Each process must be complete before the next one starts
- Conceptual (semantic level)
- Lemma (grammatical and syntactic properties) represents a specific meaning but with no sounds attached to it
- Lexeme (basic spoken word forms, morphemes and phonemic segments) concrete phonological form of the word
Tip of the tongue is activation up to the lemma but not the lexeme
Spreading activation theory
Speech planning occurs at the same time at all 4 levels
Semantic- meaning of what is to be said
Syntactic- grammatical structure
Morphological- basic units of meaning or word forms in the planned sentence
Phonological- phonemes or basic units of sound in a sentence
Errors occur when an incorrect item is more activated than a correct item in the same level
Parallel activation leads to spoonerisms and anticipation error
WEAVER comparison points
Serial (conceptual > lemma> lexeme)
Not interactive- one level must finish before the next
Stages are discrete l
Spreading activation theory
Parallel
Interactive processing
Different types of info can be processed together
Prospects cues
Rhythm, stress, intonation
Discourse makers
Words that don’t directly contribute to the content but clarify intentions ( well, anyway, oh)
Common ground in communication
Reduced error rate in construction when communication was freely allowed
Planning speech
Initial design model
Initial plan takes into account listeners common ground
Planning speech
Monitoring and adjustment model
Plans speech without considering listeners common ground
Then correct and monitor plans to adjust for common ground
USE THIS MOST OF THE TIME
Establishing common ground
Shared responsibility
Speaker expects the listener to voice concerns
TYPICALLY RELY ON THIS
Establishing common ground
Cognitive overload
Speaker tries to keep track of both sets of knowledge
Requires excess cognitive processing!
Why are tongue twisters trickey
Similar sounds have overlapping brain regions that can get confused.
