Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

x Pathoma > 9. Respiratory Tract Patholog > Flashcards

9. Respiratory Tract Patholog Flashcards

1
Q

most common cause of Rhinitis?

A

rhinovirus

aka common cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

presentation of rhinitis?

A

sneezing, congestion, runny nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is allergic rhinitis?

what is the body’s reaction?

A

subtype of rhinitis

due to Type I hypersens reaction (usually to pollen)

->inflammatory infiltrate, eosinophils (IgE mediated)

associated with asthma and eczema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a nasal polyp?

what can cause it?

A

=protrusion of edematous, inflamed nasal mucosa

caused by repeated bouts of rhinitis

also caused by Cystic Fibrosis, Aspirin-intolerant Asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aspirin-intolerant asthma: triad?

A
  • asthma
  • aspirin induced bronchospasms
  • nasal polyps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an angiofibroma?

who classicly has this?

A

benign tumor of nasal mucosa

composed of large blood vessels & fibrous tissue

seen most freq in adolescent males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

angiofibroma

classic patient? presentation?

A

(benign tumor of nasal mucosa)

adolescent males

profuse epistaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nasophyaryngeal carcinoma: define

A

malignant tumor of nasopharyngeal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma: associated with what?

classically seen in what patients?

A

EBV

seen in African children and Chinese young adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma: how to dx?

how might it present?

A

dx via biopsy. will have pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells in background of lymphocytes (poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma)

(remember keratin is intermediate filament of epithelial cells)

often presents with involvement of cervical LNs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define acute epiglottitis

most common cause?

A

inflammation of the epiglottis

most common cause = H inf (esp with nonimmunized kids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

acute epiglottitis: presentation?

A

high fever

sore throat

drooling/dysphagia (blocked airway)

muffled voice

inspiratory stridor

EMERGENCY due to risk to airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

define? most common cause?

A

inflammation of upper airway

commonly caused by parainfluenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

presentation?

A

hoarse “barking” cough

inspiratory stridor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

vocal cord nodule (aka singer’s nodule)

define. cause?

A

nodule on true vocal cord. bilateral.

due to excessive use of vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vocal cord nodule (aka singer’s nodule)

composed of what tissue?

A

degenerative/myxoid connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

vocal cord nodule (aka singer’s nodule)

presentation? resolution?

A

hoarseness

resolves with resting of voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

laryngeal papilloma

definition? cause?

A

benign papillary tumor of vocal cord

due to HPV 6 and 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

laryngeal papilloma

presentation?

A

hoarseness

SINGLE in adults

MULTIPLE in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

laryngeal carcinoma

define? cause?

A

squamous cell carcinoma (usually from epithelial lining of vocal cord)

risk factors: alcohol, tobacco.

May arise from laryngeal papilloma (HPV 6/11)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

laryngeal carcinoma

presentation?

A

hoarseness

possibly cough, stridor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pneumonia

definition?

three patterns?

A

infection of lung parenchyma

Lobar

Broncho-

Interstitial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pneumonia: clinical features?

A

fever/chills

productive cough (yellow-green or rusty sputum)

tachypnea

pleuritic chest pain

decr breath sounds

dullness to percussion

elevated WBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pleuritic chest pain: what is it?

due to what mediators?

A

pain of the pleura, which are innervated

mediators: Bradykinin, Prostaglandin E2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pneumonia: dx?

A

chest xray

sputum gram stain

blood cultures

26
Q

type of pneumonia?

most common causes? (2)

A

lobar

typically bacterial: Strep pneumo (95%)

Klebsiella (5% - usually 2’ aspiration)

27
Q

4 phases of lobar pneumonia (seen grossly)?

A
  • Congestion. due to congested vessels, edema
  • Red hepatization. due to exudate, neutrophils, hemorrhage. lung goes from spongy to more solid.
  • Grey hepatization. due to degradation of RBCs in exudate
  • Resolution. tissue regenerates
28
Q

Resolution of lobar pneumonia due to what type of cells?

A

Type II pneumocytes

(stem cells of the lung)

regenerate damaged tissue

29
Q

what type of pneumonia?

common causes? (5)

A

broncho-pneumonia

due to variety of bacterial orgs:

Staph aureus, H inf, Pseudomonas, Moraxella catarrhalis, Legionella

30
Q

what type of pneumonia?

causes? (6)

A

interstitial pneumonia

caused by bacteria or viruses: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, RSV, CMV, Influenza virus, Coxiella burnetii

31
Q

Interstitial/Atypical pneumonia: presentation?

A

relatively mild upper resp symptoms

minimal sputum, low fever

“atypical” presentation

32
Q

aspiration pneumo: seen in what patients?

usually due to what cause? (3)

A

pts at risk for aspiration (alcoholics, comatose)

usually due to anaerobic bacterial in oropharynx (Bacteriodes, Fusobacterium, Peptococcus)

33
Q

aspiration pneumo: usually occurs in what part of lung?

A

right lower lobe

due to anatomy: right main stem bronchus branches at a less acute angle than left.

34
Q

secondary pneumonia: define

A

bacterial pneumonia that occurs after a viral upper resp tract infection

virus has already knocked out the mucociliary escalator; easier for bacteria to infect

35
Q

Organism that is the most common cause of comm-acquired pneumonia and Secondary pneumo?

causes what type of pneumonia?

A

Strep pneumo.

Lobar.

36
Q

Enteric flora that is aspirated and causes Lobar pneumonia?

who does it particularly affect?

A

Klebsiella.

esp effects elderly in nursing homes, alcoholics, diabetics.

37
Q

Klebsiella pneumonia: appearance of sputum?

common complication?

A

sputum = gelatinous due to thick mucoid capsule.

“red currant jelly”

may be complicated by abscess.

38
Q

second most common cause of Secondary pneumonia, causes bronchopneumonia?

A

Staph aureus.

39
Q

stapy aureus pneumonia may be complicated by what?

A

abscess or empyema (pus in pleural space)

40
Q

Pneumonia seen in cystic fibrosis patients? what type of pneumonia?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Broncho.

41
Q

2 causes of secondary pneumonia, commonly superimposed on COPD?

causes broncho-

A
  • H inf
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
42
Q

Community acquired pneumonia that is from an intracellular organism?

A

Legionella.

causes broncho.

transmitted from water source.

may be pneumonia superimposed on COPD or in immunocompromosed patient.

43
Q

what kind of pneumonia?

A

interstitial/atypical

44
Q

what kind of pneumonia?

A

bronchopneumonia

lumen of alveoli are filled with inflammatory infiltrate

45
Q

most common cause of atypical pneumonia?

seen in what patients?

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

seen in young adults: military recruits, college students in dorm.

46
Q
A
47
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia: complications?

A

-autoimmune hemolytic anemia

(IgM against I antigen on RBCs causes cold hemolytic anemia)

-erythema multiforme

48
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia: seen on gram stain?

A

NO due to lack of cell wall

49
Q

second most common cause of atypical pneumonia in young adults?

A

Chlamydia pneumo

50
Q

RSV: what type of pneumonia does it cause? typically in what patients?

A

atypical/interstitial

infants.

51
Q

CMV: what type of pneumonia?

what patients?

A

atypical/interstitial

immunocompromised due to posttransplant immunosuppressive therapy

52
Q

Causes atypical pneumonia that occurs in elderly, immunocompromised, pts with pre-existing lung disease?

A

Influenza virus.

Also increases risk for superimposed S aureus or H inf bacterial pneumonia.

Major reason for the flu shot!

53
Q

Coxiella burnetii

what type of pneumonia?

seen in what patients?

A

Atypical/interstitial but HIGH FEVER

“Q fever”

patients are farmers/vets who have come in contact with spores via ticks or placental tissue.

54
Q

Coxiella burnetii

what type of organism? how is it distinct from others in this category? (3)

A

Rickettsial organism

distinct due to (1) causes pneumonia (2) does not require arthropod vector because it is a heat-resistant endospore (3) does not cause a skin rash

55
Q

Tuberculosis: cause?

A

inhalation of aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis

56
Q

Primary TB: presentation?

A

focal, caseating necrosis in lower lung fields and hilar lymph nodes.

-> fibrosis, calcification -> Ghon complex

57
Q

Secondary TB: cause?

clinical presentation?

A

re-activation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Ghon complex)

Presents with fevers, night sweats, cough with hemoptysis, weight loss

58
Q

Secondary TB: where in lung?

what structures form in lung?

A

Apex of lung due to poor lymph drainage and high oxygen tension

structures: cavitary foci of caseous necrosis.

59
Q

Secondary TB: diagnosis?

A

Biopsy

caseating granulomas

distinguish from fungal infection via AFB stain (acid-fast bacilli are TB)

60
Q

Secondary TB: common sites of systemic spread?

A
  • kidneys (most common, -> sterile pyuria)
  • meninges (meningitis at base of brain)
  • cervical LNs
  • lumbar vertebrae (Pott disease)

x Pathoma (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions