9] Prosocial Behaviour [2] Flashcards
What is the reciprocity norm
The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood they will help us
What is reciprocal altruism
Conditions that impact reciprocation
1] Individuals must associate for a long time
2] Social exchange is predicted by past experiences
3] Giver and receiver should reverse
4] Benefits are greater than the cost for the giver
5] Givers recognise cheaters
What is indirect reciprocation
Altruistic act doesn’t need to be reciprocated by the person directly but returned indirectly by others
What is the benefit of learning social norms?
People who learn social norms have a survival advantage due to understanding of the cultural and social context they are in
What is the social exchange theory
Argues our helping behaviour stems from the desire to maximise our rewards and minimise our costs
What are the rewards of helping
1] Reciprocity norm increased
2] Future investment
3] Relieve distress of bystanders
4] Social approval
What are the costs of helping
1] Physical danger
2] Pain
3] Embarrassment
4] Time
What is empathy-altruism hypothesis
We help people for altruistic reasons when we have empathy for them
Motives of prosocial behaviour are..
1] Helping is instinct, promoting welfare of genetically similar people
2] Social norms
3] Reward outweigh the cost
4] Empathy/Compassion promote selflessness
What is an altruistic personality
Qualities that cause an individual to help others in a variety of situations
Factors involved in an altruistic personality
1] Being empathic
2] Strong extroversion and agreeableness
3] Secure attachments
4] Mature moral judgement
5] Take responsibility for others welfare
Other factors that determine how helpful someone is
1] Situational pressures
2] Gender
3] Culture
4] Environment
5] Current mood
Prosocial behaviour: Genders
Women have more empathy and guilt and will help in emotional emergencies
Men are more likely to intervene in an actual emergency
Prosocial behaviour: Cultural groups impact
People in all cultures will help anyone in their in-group than out-group
Prosocial behaviour: Current mood
When in a good more they are more helpful because we look on the bright side, it prolongs and attunes us to our values.
Same when in a bad mood
Prosocial current mood: Negative state relief hypothesis is
The idea that people help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress
Prosocial behaviour: Environment
People in small towns are likely to help than in large cities in countries like US, UK and Sudan
Prosocial environment: Urban overload hypothesis
People living in cities are bombarded with stimulation and keep to themselves so they are not overwhelmed
Prosocial environment: Residential mobility
Living in one place for long leads to attachments, interdependence with neighbours and reputational; concerns
Things that increase prosocial behaviour
1] Bystander intervention
2] Volunteering
3] Socialising altruism
Increasing prosocial: socialising altruism
1] Teach moral inclusion
2] Model altruism
3] Learn by doing
4] Attribute helping behaviour to altruism
5] Learn about altruism
