9- Moral Development Flashcards
What did Hamlin, Wynn, & Bloom (2007) discover about infants’ preferences?
6- and 10-month-old infants prefer helpers over hinderers, and a neutral individual over hinderers.
What does social evaluation involve in infants?
Infants assess individuals based on their behavior towards others, indicating an early understanding of morality.
What is the significance of altruistic punishment and rewarding?
It is key for human cooperation, as shown in studies where toddlers direct positive behaviors toward helpers and negative behaviors toward hinderers.
What is suggested about human morality based on infants’ evaluations?
Some aspects of human morality may be innate, as infants can evaluate who might treat them well or poorly.
What are the two stages of Piaget’s moral development?
- Heteronomous morality (younger than 7 years)
- Autonomous morality (ages 11 or 12)
What characterizes heteronomous morality?
Children regard rules as unchangeable and judge actions based on consequences rather than intentions.
What characterizes autonomous morality?
Children understand rules as social agreements, considering fairness and intentions in moral evaluations.
What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
Kohlberg proposed three levels of moral reasoning: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional, each with two stages.
What is the focus of preconventional moral reasoning?
Avoiding punishment and obtaining rewards.
What is the focus of conventional moral reasoning?
Compliance with social duties and laws.
What is the focus of postconventional moral reasoning?
Upholding universal ethical principles and individual rights.
What did Kohlberg’s longitudinal study reveal?
Moral reasoning changes systematically with age, reflecting a hierarchical development.
What are the critiques of Kohlberg’s theory?
- Overlooks cultural differences
- Moral reasoning inconsistencies
- Does not recognize gender differences
- Focuses too much on individual rights and justice.
What does social domain theory emphasize?
Moral reasoning develops through gradual changes shaped by social interactions and direct socialization.
What are the three different domains of social knowledge in social domain theory?
- Personal domain
- Societal domain
- Moral domain
Fill in the blank: According to Piaget, children at the heteronomous stage view rules as _______.
[unchangeable]
Fill in the blank: At the autonomous morality stage, children consider _______ and intentions when evaluating behavior.
[fairness]
True or False: Kohlberg’s theory includes a stage that focuses on the ethics of care and relationships.
False
What is the significance of the Heinz’s dilemma in Kohlberg’s research?
It illustrates moral reasoning through hypothetical dilemmas, assessing the reasoning behind actions.
What are the three different domains of social knowledge according to social domain theory?
- Personal domain
- Societal domain
- Moral domain
At what age do children generally believe that moral violations are more wrong than convention violations?
By age 3
By what age do children believe that moral transgressions are wrong even if adult authorities have not said they are wrong?
By age 4
What type of transgressions do children aged 4 to 9 consistently rate as morally wrong?
- Hitting
- Teasing
- Unfair distribution
True or False: The distinction between moral and conventional domains is clear-cut.
False
