6- Social cognition Flashcards
Goal directed actions
-assume the actions of others have a goal
Rational imitation by infants- original head-touch study
Meltzoff, 1985, 1988
Deferred imitation: 14 month old infants would imitate novel actions even after a 1 week delay
Rational imitation by infants- Gergely et al. 2002
-14 month old infants, hands occupied vs hands free, different intentions suggested by simple changes in context
Intentionality
-not just what an actor did do but what they MEANT to do
-differential imitation of the same actions because of changes in context
Intentional vs accidental actions
Carpenter et al. (1998)
-14-18 months
-objects with 2 possible actions + end result
-modelled both actions (accidental- whoops and intentional- there)
-infants much more likely to imitate intentional actions, interpret actions as directed towards achieving goal, can screen out accidental and unintentional
Understanding goals-
-infants can interpret the actions of others as goal-directed, can differentiate intentional and accidental
Joint attention- Social referencing- visual cliff
Sorce et al. 1985, 1 yr old infants on visual cliff, mother at opposite side- fearful face 0/17 cross, happy face 14/19 cross
-infant modulates reaction to object/event by reference to info gained by the actions of another person
Desire
-preference for a particular option, motivating factor for actions/emotions
-infants easily indicate their own preferences, at 10-12 months: protoimperative pointing
Broccoli- Goldfish
Repacholi & Gopnik, 1997
-14 & 18 months
-broccoli and crackers
-experimenter likes broccoli
-14 months gives the one they like (crackers)
-18 months gives the one the experimenter likes (brocolli)
Theory of mine
The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from ones own
False belief task
-hard to test if child and other person have same belief, create situation where other person holds a belief child knows to be wrong
-shows children understand difference between reality and a mental state
Sally-Anne task
-Wimmer &Perner, 1983
-sally puts her marble in her basket and leaves, Anne moves her marble to Anne’s box, children asked where will sally look for her marble
-5 yr olds say basket, 3 yr olds say box
Issues with sally-anne task
Bloom & German (2000)
-other task demands
-language (“where”)
-children need to override simple rules
Why do 3 yr olds fail at theory of mind
-belief-specific competence deficit
-performance deficit
-more general competence deficit
False belief in infancy
Onishi and Baillargeon (2005)
-15 month old infants looked longer when actor searched in the box inconsistent with her belief
Faux Pas Test
Baron-cohen et al, 1998
Identification question: what did they say
Comprehension question: where were they when they were talking
Devine et al. 2016
-longitudinal study
-t1: Fb task, unexpected contents task, emotion FB task
-t2: strange stories, triangles task, silent film task
-individual differences in ToM ability, differences moderately stable across childhood, ToM ability related to social competence as rated by teachers
Devine & Hughes 2018
-meta-analysis of family factors affecting FB understanding in early childhood
-3-7 yr olds, 93 studies, parental SES, number of siblings, parental mental state talk, mind-mindedness
