9- Metabolic Pathways

Question 1

What does epinephrine do?

Answer 1

Also helps muscles bring glucose into muscle.

Question 2

Anabolic pathways

Answer 2

Use energy compounds (ATP)

Question 3

catabolic pathways

Answer 3

Produce free energy compounds (ATP)

Question 4

Hypoxia

Answer 4

No O2 going to tissue so can’t proceed enough ATP

Question 5

What are the sources of AcetylCoA?

Answer 5

Glycolysis (insulin world)

Amino acids

Fatty acids (B oxidation) (glucagon world)

Question 6

RBC pathway (insulin)

Answer 6

Glucose > Glycolysis > Pyruvate > lactate

Lactate goes to liver.

Question 7

Liver pathway (insulin world)

Answer 7

Glucose > liver > Glycogen or pyruvate

Pyruvate > acetyl CoA > Cholesterol, FA or TCA

FA > Fat > VLDL

Incrase in ATP will decrease TCA activity, Decrease in PDH will increase Pyruvate > decrese glycolysis > increase in glucose > glycogen storage

Acetyl CoA is also increased > FA > add glycerol > VLDL (apoB100) > adipose tissue.

Some Acetyl CoA > cholesterol > bile salt

Question 8

Brain glucose pathway (insulin)

Answer 8

Glucose > Pyruvate > AcetlyCoA > TCA

^ ATP > down TCA > ^ pyruvate > decrease glycolysis

Cannot store anything.

Question 9

Muscles pathways (insulin)

Answer 9

AA > protein

Glucose > Pyruvate or glycogen

Pyruvate > Acetyl CoA > TCA

Too much ATP > decrease TCA > increase Pyruvate > decrease glycolysis > glucose to glycogen

Question 10

Heart muscle pathway (insulin)

Answer 10

uses FA after meals, and KB between meals

Question 11

Glucagon world, what hormones increase?

Answer 11

Glucagon
Cortisol
Epinepherine
GH

Question 12

Where does energy come from in glucagon world?

Answer 12

When insulin starts to fall > lipolysis
– HSL, in adipose, cleaves fats to FA (B ox) and glycerol (to liver)

FA can also go to muscle (albumin for transport)

Question 13

What cells can do beta oxidation?

Answer 13

Any cells with mitochondria

Question 14

Muscle pathways (Glucagon)

Answer 14

^ FA > b oxidation > ACoA > TCA > ETC > ATP

Protein > AA > alanine cycle > liver

Use Ketone bodies from liver

Question 15

Adipose pathway (glucagon)

Answer 15

Fat > glycerol + FA > B oxidation > ACoA > TCA > ETC > ATP

Question 16

Liver pathway (glucagon)

Answer 16

FA > B oxidation > ACoA > KB or TCA > ETC > ATP

Glycogen > glucose to any part of body or > TCA

Glycogenolysis will be the primary energy source over gluconeogenesis

Glycerol P from HSL > AcetylCoA

Question 17

RBC (glucagon)

Answer 17

Only use glucose

Cori cycle

Question 18

Brain pathway (glucagon)

Answer 18

Glucose > TCA > ETC > ATP

Does not use fat. Blood brain barrier does not allow albumin to enter.

Question 19

Why do diabetics make too much ketone?

Answer 19

No insulin, (LPL needs insulin) so they burn fat and make more ketones than can be used.

Develops diabetic ketoacidosis.

Live in glucagon world, constantly doing gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Burning proteins to make ketones

Question 20

Insulin world overview

Answer 20

Glucose is burnt to make ATP
When too much ATP
-Make glycogen
-Make fat

Question 21

Glucagon world overview

Answer 21

Fat is burnt as source of ATP
when too much ATP
- make ketones
-make glucose through glycogenolysis
-make glucose through gluconeogenesis

Question 22

Insulin signaling

Answer 22

Liver - Glucose uptake

Muscle- glucose uptake

Adipose- glucose uptake

Brain- decrease eating

Question 23

Glucagon signaling

Answer 23

liver- glucose export

muscle- No effect of muscles. no glucagon receptors

adipose- fatty acid export

brain- no effect on brain. no glucagon receptors

Question 24

Major adaptations

Answer 24

Adipose: increase TGL hydrolysis

Liver and kidney: ^ gluconeogenesis

Liver: ^ ketogenesis

skeletal muscle: Protein degradation

liver exports glucose and TGL as metabolic fuels

Cardiac muscle use FAs and ketone bodies and glucose low levels