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Immunology > 9. Host defence overview > Flashcards

9. Host defence overview Flashcards

1
Q

Role of immune system

A

Detect and react to dangerous pathogens/molecules

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2
Q

Ideal modes of transmission

A

Respiratory: coughs and sneezes

GI Tract: ingest food and excrete waste

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3
Q

Influenza

A

No re-infection by same strain

Annual vaccination required due to antigenic variability

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4
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A

Recurrent re-infection with similar strains

No vaccine due to poor immunogenicity and vaccine-enhances disease

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5
Q

Surface protection

A

dead/ soon to be dead skin and ciliated mucosa present on outside facing surfaces

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6
Q

Describe the sequential action of the immune system

A

1st line: Pre-infection
2nd line: Early infection, attack with non-specific reaction
Late: Specific/ acquired: specific recognition by T and B cells

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7
Q

Innate sensing

A

STRANGER: PAMPs sense without knowing what pathogen is
DANGER: DAMPs foreign antigen can be expressed

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8
Q

Type I/III: alpha, beta, lambda interferons

A

Activate NK cells
Upregulate MHC, Mx proteins
Activate RNase L, PKR
Induce anti-viral state

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9
Q

Type II interferons

Interferon gamma

A

Pro-inflammatory
Th1 cytokine
“Immune interferon”

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10
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Cells that engulf invaders
Antigen is destroyed in intracellular vesicles
Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytes

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11
Q

Describe life of B Cells

A

Encounter antigen
Have specific BCR, which when activated causes proliferation
Secrete antibodies with same specificity
Undergo affinity maturation

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12
Q

T cell receptors

A

Each T cell expresses 1 TCR
Potentially 10^18 different TCRs
Each TCR sees a specific combination of MHC and peptide at high affinity

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13
Q

CD4+

A

T helper cells
Activate MHC class II specialised APCs
Help orchestrate adaptive immune response

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14
Q

CD8+

A 
Cytotoxic lymphocytes 
Kill MHC class I non-specialised APCs
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15
Q

Th1 CD4 cells role

A

Anti-viral/ bacterial

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16
Q

Th2 CD4 cells role

A

Allergies

17
Q

Th17 CD4 cells role

A

Fungi/ bacteria

18
Q

Treg CD4 cells role

A

Regulatory

19
Q

What are Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) poised to do?

A

Respond rapidly to local pathogen re-encounter

20
Q

List 6 defences against bacteria

A 
Surface defences
Antibody opsonisation 
Complement causing lysis/ opsonisation
Phagocytosis
Release of inflammatory mediators and acute phase proteins
Fever
21
Q

List 6 defences against viruses

A 
Surface defences
Interferons
Inflammatory mediators and acute phase proteins
NK cells
Antibody, complement, ADCC
T cells

Immunology (9 decks)

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