1. Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Function of immune system

A

Identify and eliminate harmful microorganisms/ substances

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2
Q

How does the immune system function?

A

Distinguishing ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ (or ‘normal self’ from ‘abnormal self’ in cancer)
Identifying ‘danger’ signals, inc. tissue damage

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3
Q

Immunopathology

A

Damage to host caused by immune system

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4
Q

Pathogens replicate much faster than humans, so can evolve faster

A

Humans must have flexible and rapid immune response

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5
Q

Immune system uses 2 strategies to recognise danger

A
  1. Uses pattern recognition receptors

2. Uses antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes

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6
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

A

Patterns that aren’t on our normal cells and can be recognised e.g. Peptidoglycan’s in bacteria

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7
Q

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns example

A

Necrosis: Release a of cell contents e.g. nuclear components

=sign of tissue damage

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8
Q

Antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes

A
  1. Each antigen receptor binds to a particular site (epitope) on a different antigen
  2. Each clone of B cells or T cells has a unique receptor, specific to 1 antigen; each cell carries many copies of this receptor on cell surface
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9
Q

Innate Immunity uses which strategy

A

Strategy 1- PRRs

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10
Q

Innate Immunity characteristics

A

Independent of previous exposure
Depends on pre-formed & rapidly synthesised components
Fast
Limited specificity

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11
Q

Acquired immunity uses which strategy

A

Strategy 2- antigen specific receptors on lymphocytes

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12
Q

Acquired immunity characteristics

A

An adaptation to exposure (aka acquired immunity)
Depends on clonal selection: i.e. expansion of cells/ antibodies, selected for antigen specificity
Slow
Highly specific

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13
Q

Acquired immunity effector arms

A
Cellular immunity (lymphocytes themselves)
Humoral immunity (soluble effectors- antibodies for adaptive immune responses)
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14
Q

What does innate response do?

A

Destroys invading nucleic acids (e.g. viruses) in cytoplasm
Activates inflammatory pathways, signals for recruitment of immune system cells to sites of damage/infection
Elicits type 1 interferons (interfere with virus replication), for anti-viral defence

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15
Q

2 Main consequences of Innate response

A

“Buys time” while adaptive immune response starts

Promotes and directs appropriate adaptive immune response

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16
Q

Cells in Innate response

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Eosinophils

17
Q

Cells in Adaptive response

A

B Lymphocytes

T Lymphocytes

18
Q

Cells in both responses

A

Basophils/ mast cells
Dendritic cells
Natural killer cells

19
Q

Soluble factors in Innate response

A

Acute phase proteins
Cytokines
Complement

20
Q

Soluble factors in Adaptive response

A

Antibodies

Cytokines

21
Q

Generation of clonal diversity in lymphocytes

A

During B and T cell development, random genetic recombination’s occur within each cell among multiple copies of immunoglobulin gene segments or TCR gene segments

22
Q

clonal selection

A

Antigen binds to surface receptor on B or T cell and causes selective expansion of that clone

23
Q

What happens when the antigen is removed?

A

Most lymphocytes that have proliferated will die after fulfilling their function
Some survive as memory cells: basis of vaccination
Re-exposure to a previously encountered antigen leads to a more rapid and greater immune response