9 - Genetic diversity Flashcards

mutations, meiosis and genetic variation, genetic diversity and adaptation, types of selection

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1
Q

centromere

A

constricted area of the chromosome where sister chromatids are held together

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2
Q

sister chromatids

A

a replicate of a chromosome

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3
Q

homologous chromosomes

A
  • chromosomes pairs/ two sister chromatids
  • homologous for gene, different for the allele
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4
Q

chromosome mutation

A

mutation that changes the structure of a chromosome

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5
Q

point mutation

A

one base pair is replaced by another

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6
Q

nonsense (NOT the song by sabrina carpenter)

A

mutation that results in an amino acid being replaced by a stop signal

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7
Q

gamete mutation

A

mutation associated with meiosis

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8
Q

insertion mutation

A

nucleotide pair inserted

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9
Q

deletion mutation

A

nucleotide pair deleted

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10
Q

frameshift

A

whole sequence of amino acids changed after mutation

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11
Q

missense

A

mutation results in one amino acid being replaced by another

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12
Q

somatic mutation

A

mutation associated with mitosis

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13
Q

mutagen

A

substance that causes mutation (eg. gamma ray for good old bruce)

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14
Q

polyploidy

A

when organisms have three or more sets of chromosomes (rather than 2)

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15
Q

non-disjuntion

A

changes in numbers of individual chromosome (gametes having either one more or one less chromosome)

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16
Q

silent mutation

A

mutation to a genes DNA sequence that have no effect on the amino acid sequence coded for by that gene

17
Q

importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction

A
  • produces genetically different gametes
  • THAT ARE haploid cells
  • (SO…) fertilisation maintains the diploid number (from gen one to next gen)
  • (AND…) introduces genetic variation
18
Q

what processes result in genetic variation?

A
  • crossing over
  • mutation
  • fertilisation (RANDOM fusion of gametes)
  • independent assortment