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biology alevel > 6 - Exchange (Digestion) > Flashcards

6 - Exchange (Digestion) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the biggest keyword for this topic?

A

HYDROLYSE/ HYDROLYSIS

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2
Q

what is physical breakdown

A

breaking food down into smaller pieces using mechanical structures (eg. teeth, stomach walls)

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3
Q

how is food physically broken down in stomach?

A

food is churned by muscle in stomach wall

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4
Q

benefit of physical breakdown

A
  • provide large SA for chemical digestion
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5
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

HYDROLYSES large, insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones

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6
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

process of splitting up molecules by adding water to chemical bonds that hold them together

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7
Q

three main types of digestive enzymes

A
  • carbohydrases
  • lipase
  • proteases
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8
Q

where is amylase produced?

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
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9
Q

function of amylase

A
  • hydrolyses alternate glycosidic bonds of starch molecule
  • produce the disaccharide maltose
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10
Q

what is maltase?

A
  • membrane bound disaccharidase
  • produced in lining of ileum
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11
Q

function of maltase

A
  • hydrolyse maltose into monosaccharide a-glucose
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12
Q

common disaccharides in the diet

A
  • maltose (eg. starch)
  • sucrose (eg. fruits)
  • lactose (eg. milk products)
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13
Q

function of sucrase

A
  • hydrolyses single glycosidic bond in sucrose molecule
  • produces gluc + fruc
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14
Q

function of lactase

A
  • hydrolyses single glycosidic bond in lactose molecule
  • produces gluc + galac
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15
Q

endopeptidase function

A
  • hydrolyse internal peptide bonds between amino acids
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16
Q

exopeptidase function

A
  • hydrolyse peptide bonds between terminal amino acids of peptide molecules
  • … peptide molecules FORMED BY endopeptidases
17
Q

why combined actions of endopeptidases and exopeptidases more efficient than exopeptidases on their own?

A
  1. endopeptidases hydrolyse internal peptide bonds and exopeptidases remove amino acids/hydrolyse peptide bonds at end
  2. more ends or increase in surface area for exopeptidases
18
Q

dipeptidase function

A
  • hydrolyse peptide bond between two amino acids of a dipeptide
  • membrane bound
19
Q

what membrane are membrane bound enzymes bound to?

A
  • cell surface membrane of epithelial cells
  • lining the ileum
20
Q

adaptations of ileum

A
  • folded villi surface
  • thin walled
  • contain muscles
  • well supplied with blood vessels
  • villi -> microvilli
21
Q

function of ileum

A

absorbing products of digestion

22
Q

DESCRIBE process of absorption of products of starch digestion

A
  • glucose moves in with sodium into epithelial cell through symport
  • sodium removed (from epithelial cell) by active transport through sodium- potassium pump into blood
  • maintaining low concentration of sodium in epi. cell so steep conc. grad. between lumen and epi. cell.
  • glucose moves into blood by facilitated diffusion
23
Q

lipase function

A
  • hydrolyses ester bond in triglyceride
  • forms monoglycerides (ie. glycerol) and fatty acids
24
Q

advantage of lipid droplets

A
  • increase surface areas for lipase
  • faster hydrolysis of triglyceride
25
Q

advantage of micelle

A
  • carry fatty acids and monoglyceride through membrane into epithelial cell
26
Q

how does monoglyceride and fatty acids get through membrane of epithelial cell?

A
  • micelle hit epithelia cell (releasing mono and fatty)
  • simple diffusion
  • because they are NON POLAR
27
Q

what does endoplasmic reticulum have to do with absorption of triglyceride?

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids RECOMBINED to form triglyceride

28
Q

what does golgi have to do with absorption of triglycerides?

A
  • modifies/ processes triglycerides
  • triglycerides associates with lipoproteins and cholestrol
  • forms vesicles for exocytosis
    = CHYLOMICRONS
29
Q

how do chylomicrons leave epithelial cell?

A
  • exocytosis
  • because too big to be diffused etcetc
30
Q

where do chylomicrons go after leaving epithelial cell?

A
  • enter lymphatic capillaries (LACTEALS)
  • eventually bloodstream
31
Q

describe the induced-fit model of enzyme action

A
  1. before reaction active site not complementary to substrate
  2. Shape of active site changes as substrate binds and as enzyme-substrate complex forms
  3. distorting bonds in substrate, leading to reaction
32
Q

what is keyword for changes in carrier protein structure (eg. sodium potassium pump)

A

conformational change

biology alevel (12 decks)

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