9 - Energy, Power and Resistance Flashcards
Define Voltage
The change in electrical energy transferred or work done per unit charge (when the electricity travels through component into another form of energy such e.g. heat.)
Voltage Equation
V (Voltage) = W (work done) / Q (charge)
How is a voltmeter connected in circuit and why?
It is connected in parallel as it measures the difference in energy between two points, measuring the difference in potential across a device.
State the SI unit for Voltage
V / Volts
Define one volt
The energy transferred per unit charge as the charge moves between two points in a circuit. 1V = 1JC^-1
What should the resistance of voltmeters and multimeters be and why?
They should have a very high resistance (infinite resistance) in order to minimise the amount of current passing through.
What is the difference between electromotive force and potential difference?
E.m.f is the energy transferred (chemical to electrical) to the charged carriers by the cell/battery (ε=W/Q). P.d is the energy transferred by the charged carriers.
State some sources of e.m.f
Cell, battery or power supply
Define resistance
The ratio between the potential difference across a component and the current flowing through it.
What is resistance measured in?
Ω (ohm)
Resistance equation
R (Resistance) = V (Voltage) / I (current)
Describe resistance in relation to the current
The higher the resistance of a component, the more energy it takes to push electrons through the component. The higher the resistance, the lower the current flow.
State Ohm’s Law
For a metallic conductor at a constant temperature, the potential difference across the conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing the conductor (V=IR).
How is Ohm’s law demonstrated on a V-I graph?
On a V-I graph, the gradient represents the resistance. The straight line (constant linear gradient) and the fact that the line goes through the origin demonstrates that voltage and current are directly proportional.
Why does Ohm’s law only apply to metallic conductors at constant temperatures?
Resistance changes with temperature meaning current won’t be directly proportional to voltage therefore ohm’s law is not obeyed.
How does an increases temperature affect the resistance?
The heat energy from an insulated wire causes the temperature in the wire to increase. This causes the ions in the metal conductor to vibrate faster, making it harder for the electrons to pass through resulting in a decreased current and increased resistance.
I-V Characteristic for resistor
The I-V graph for a resistor shows a straight line (constant resistance) and it going through the origin, showing that current and voltage are directly proportional to each other, obeying Ohm’s law meaning it is an ohmic conductor. steeper, lower R shallow, higher R
I-V Characteristic for filament lamp
The I-V graph for a filament lamp has the line still going through the origin. However, the line has a changing gradient and curves. This is because of the changing temperature of the filament lamp, which changes the resistance (9.4) therefore a filament lamp is a non-ohmic conductor as current and voltage are not directly proportional to one another
Polarity of diodes
Diodes are made from semiconductors which only allow a current in one particular direction.
I-V characteristics for Diodes and LEDS
At Point A, the resistance of the diode is very high (infinite). Here, the pd is in reverse direction therefore the diode does not conduct. At B, the resistance starts to drop as the pd increases. This point is known as the threshold pd. As the pd starts to increase from this point, the resistance drops increasingly, resulting in the diode with a very little resistance as number density of charged carriers increases. The potential difference across the diode and the current running through it are not directly proportional therefore is a non-ohmic component and the resistance is not constant.