24 - Particle Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Thomsons model for atom

A

Plum pudding model:
atom is a positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons embedded within

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2
Q

Observations and conclusions of Rutherfords alpha scattering experiment

A

most alpha particles passed straight through showing most of the atom is empty space

some were deflected showing that the nucleus is a dense mass concentrated in the centre

some deflected with angles larger than 90º showing that the nucleus had to be a positive charge

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3
Q

size of atom and nucleus

A

radius of nucleus is about 10^-14m and radius of atom is about 10^-10m (nucleus is about 10^5 smaller than the atom)

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4
Q

how to prove proportionality

A

prove that value of k is the same (constant) for each result

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5
Q

nucleon refers to

A

a proton or neutron

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6
Q

A represents

A

nucleon number

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7
Q

Z represents

A

proton number

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8
Q

isotopes are

A

nuclei of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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9
Q

what is one atomic mass unit

A

one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom

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10
Q

mass in atomic mass units equation

A

m=Au
mass = nucleon number x u

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11
Q

nuclear size density equation

A

R=r0 x A^1/3
radius of nucleus = r0 x nucleon number^1/3

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12
Q

assumptions for density and volume

A

nucleons are packed together with little to or no empty space

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13
Q

force holding nucleus together and why needed

A

strong nuclear force as grav force attracting nucleons is not enough to match the electrostatic force repelling nucleons

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14
Q

negative force is an

A

attractive force

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15
Q

nature of strong nuclear force

A

can be attractive and repulsive
has a short range
affects all nucleons
attractive to 3fm and repulsive below 0.5fm (graph)

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16
Q

nature of electrostatic force

A

repulsive force
long range

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17
Q

nature of gravitational force

A

attractive force
long range

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18
Q

what are fundamental particles

A

particles that cant be divided into smaller parts (no internal structure)

e.g. quarks, electrons, neutrinos

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19
Q

antimatter

A

every particle has its corresponding antiparticle which has the same mass but opposite charge (antiparticle represented by bar over letter).

when they meet, they destroy each other in a process called annihilation - mass of particles are turned into pair of high energy photons - cosmic rays

20
Q

antiparticle for electron

A

positron e+

21
Q

fundamental forces in order of strength

A

strong nuclear, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, gravitational

22
Q

fundamental forces - ranges

A

grav and EM - infinite
strong nuclear - 10^-15m
weak nuclear - 10^-18m

23
Q

first categorisation of sub atomic particles

A

HADRONS AND LEPTONS

24
Q

hadrons

A

affected by SNF
e.g. protons neutrons mesons (and antiparticles)
if charged experience EM force
decay with WNF

25
leptons
not affected by SNF e.g. electrons neutrinos muons (and antiparticles) if charged experience EM force
26
classification of hadrons
baryons and mesons
27
baryons
particles made of 3 quarks e.g. protons and neutrons
28
mesons
particles made of a quark and its anti-quark
29
leptons
fundamental particles not made of quarks such as electrons, neutrinos and muons
30
building blocks of all matter are
quarks and leptons
31
all quarks
up down strange (top charm bottom)
32
up down strange quark charges
u = +2/3e d = -1/3e s = -1/3e
33
quark baryon numbers
all 1/3
34
strangeness for quarks
all 0 except for strange (-1)
35
proton quark composition
uud
36
neutron quark composition
udd
37
beta decay and energy spectrum
beta decay has a continuous energy spectrum - kinetic energy of electrons released in beta decay can take any value from a specific range of energies
38
beta plus decay
proton decays into neutron proton > neutron + positron + neutrino
39
beta minus decay
neutron decays into proton neutron > proton + electron + antineutrino
40
neutrinos in beta decay reason
conserve mass and energy
41
in beta decay what is conserved?
nucleon number, proton number and charge
42
force responsible for beta decay
weak nuclear force (short ranged roughly 1millionth the size of the strong force)
43
neutrinos charge
0
44
conservations in nuclear reactions > beta decay
mass energy charge momentum spin baryon strangeness and lepton number
45
udd > uud also written as
d > u