9. Civil Rights

Question 1

equality of opportunity

Answer 1

The idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life.

Question 2

equality of outcome

Answer 2

The concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistrib- ute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved.

Question 3

individuous discrimination

Answer 3

Discrimination against per- sons or groups that works to their harm and is based on animosity.

Question 4

civil rights

Answer 4

Powers or privileges guaran- teed to individuals and pro- tected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals.

Question 5

black codes

Answer 5

Legislation enacted by former slave states to restrict the freedom of blacks.

Question 6

racism

Answer 6

A belief that human races have distinct characteristics such that one’s own race is superior to, and has a right to rule, others.

Question 7

poll tax

Answer 7

A tax of $1 or $2 one very citizen who wished to vote, first instituted in Georgia in 1877. Although it was no burden on most white citi- zens, it effectively disenfran- chised blacks.

Question 8

racial segregation

Answer 8

Separation from society because of race.

Question 9

separate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 9

The concept that providing separate but equivalent facilities for blacks and whites satisfies the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 10

desegregation

Answer 10

The ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race.

Question 11

civil rights movement

Answer 11

The mass mobilization during the 1960s that sought to gain equality of rights and oppor- tunities for blacks in the South and to a lesser extent in the North, mainly through nonviolent, unconventional means of participation.

Question 12

boycott

Answer 12

A refusal to do business with a firm, individual, or nation as an expression of disapproval or as a means of coercion.

Question 13

civil disobedience

Answer 13

The willful but nonviolent breach of laws that are regarded as unjust.

Question 14

protectionism

Answer 14

The notion that women must be protected from life’s cruelties; until the 1970s, the basis for laws affecting women’s civil rights.

Question 15

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 15

The amendment to the Con- stitution, adopted in 1920, that ensures women of the right to vote.

Question 16

sexism

Answer 16

Invidious sex discrimination.

Question 17

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Answer 17

A failed constitutional amendment introduced by the National Women’s Party in 1923, declaring that ‘‘equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex.’’

Question 18

Affirmative action

Answer 18

Any of a wide range of pro- grams, from special recruit- ment efforts to numerical quotas, aimed at expanding opportunities for women and minority groups.