9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards
Note:
Generally speaking, this set of cue cards will use simply ‘respiration’ to refer to ‘anaerobic respiration’
What does cellular respiration include?
Technically both aerobic and anaerobic (and excludign glycolysis) but it often just refers to aerobic.
What is reduction?
A gain of electrons (/hydrogen)
What is oxidation?
A loss of electrons (/hydrogen)
In redox reactions what do electrons typically travel with?
Protons i.e to form a hydrogen atom
How is energy from ATP carried?
By electron carriers
What electron carrier is typically used in respiration and why?
NAD+ because it can easily cycle between its oxidised (NADH) and reduced (NAD+ states)
What class of chemical is NAD+?
A coenzyme.
What does NAD stand for in NAD+?
nicotinamide adenin dinucleotide
How do electron carries collect electrons?
Enzymes called dehydrogenases remove two hydrogen atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) from glucose etc. and thereby oxidise it.
One proton is released as H+. This leaves the electron carrier with an extra hydrogen (NAD–>NADH) and an electron which cancel the charge.
Why are electron carriers important?
They allow a controlled release in energy from glucose, not a brief explosion where little energy could be collected.
What is the highest energy form of NAD?
NADH
What are the stages of respiration?
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation & citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol.
By what basic ways is ATP synthesised?
Oxidative phosphroylation and substrate-level phosphorylation.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The regeneration of ATP using the energy of an electron transport chain.
Note that it uses inorganic phosphates from the use of ATP.
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
The regeneration of ATP through the transfer of a phosphate molecule from a substrate to an ADP molecule.
What phases can glycolysis be divided into?
Energy investement phase and energy payoff phase
What is the net gain of ATP thorugh the glycolysis of one glucose molecule?
2 ATP
Per glucose molecule, how much ATP is used during the energy investement phase of glycolysis?
2 ATP molecules
Per glucose molecule, how much ATP is yielded during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?
4 ATP molecules (net of 2)
In order, what are the substrates of the energy investement phase of glycolysis?
Glucose, Glucose 6-phosphate, Fructose 6-phosphate, Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and Dihydroxyacetone/Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
In order, what are the enzymes of the energy investement phase of glycolysis?
Hexokinase, Phosphoglucoisomerase, Phosphofructokinase, Aldolase and Isomerase
How many stages are there of the energy investement phase of glycolysis?
5.